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Formation of Complex Ions03:45

Formation of Complex Ions

18.8K
A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
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Colloidal precipitates01:09

Colloidal precipitates

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The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...
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Extraction: Advanced Methods00:56

Extraction: Advanced Methods

1.2K
Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is...
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Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Mechanism01:10

Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Mechanism

3.7K
Cyanohydrins are formed when cyanide nucleophiles and carbonyl compounds like aldehydes and ketones react. A strong base, the cyanide ion, catalyzes cyanohydrin formation. The ions are generated from HCN under aqueous conditions. Once the cyanide ions are generated, the first step involves the nucleophilic attack of the cyanide ions on the electrophilic carbonyl carbon. This attack shifts the π electrons from the C=O to the oxygen atom forming the alkoxide ion intermediate. The alkoxide...
3.7K
Preparation and Reactions of Thiols02:33

Preparation and Reactions of Thiols

6.7K
Thiols are prepared using the hydrosulfide anion as a nucleophile in a nucleophilic substitution reaction with alkyl halides. For instance, bromobutane reacts with sodium hydrosulfide to give butanethiol.
6.7K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 29, 2026

A Simple Method for the Size Controlled Synthesis of Stable Oligomeric Clusters of Gold Nanoparticles under Ambient Conditions
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A Simple Method for the Size Controlled Synthesis of Stable Oligomeric Clusters of Gold Nanoparticles under Ambient Conditions

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Superoxide formation on isolated cationic gold clusters.

Alex P Woodham1, André Fielicke

  • 1Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstrasse 36, 10623 Berlin (Germany).

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|May 23, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Researchers studied cationic gold clusters reacting with oxygen. They found superoxo (O2(-)) species form, crucial for gold

Keywords:
O-O activationclustersgoldnanocatalysisvibrational spectroscopy

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In Situ SIMS and IR Spectroscopy of Well-defined Surfaces Prepared by Soft Landing of Mass-selected Ions
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Synthesis, Assembly, and Characterization of Monolayer Protected Gold Nanoparticle Films for Protein Monolayer Electrochemistry
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Synthesis, Assembly, and Characterization of Monolayer Protected Gold Nanoparticle Films for Protein Monolayer Electrochemistry

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Last Updated: Apr 29, 2026

A Simple Method for the Size Controlled Synthesis of Stable Oligomeric Clusters of Gold Nanoparticles under Ambient Conditions
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In Situ SIMS and IR Spectroscopy of Well-defined Surfaces Prepared by Soft Landing of Mass-selected Ions
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Synthesis, Assembly, and Characterization of Monolayer Protected Gold Nanoparticle Films for Protein Monolayer Electrochemistry
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Synthesis, Assembly, and Characterization of Monolayer Protected Gold Nanoparticle Films for Protein Monolayer Electrochemistry

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Area of Science:

  • Catalysis
  • Nanomaterials Science
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Gold nanoparticles are effective oxidation catalysts using molecular oxygen.
  • The precise mechanism and active oxygen species in gold catalysis are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the reaction mechanism between unsupported cationic gold clusters and molecular oxygen.
  • To identify the key species involved in oxygen activation by gold clusters.

Main Methods:

  • Gas-phase characterization of gold-oxygen complexes using IR spectroscopy.
  • Theoretical analysis based on the spherical jellium model.

Main Results:

  • The formation of superoxo (O2(-)) moieties was detected via a significant red-shift in the O-O stretching frequency.
  • Spontaneous superoxo formation occurred in closed-shell systems (Au10+, Au22+).
  • Oxygen-induced self-promotion of activation was observed in other systems (Au4+, Au12+, Au21+).

Conclusions:

  • Superoxo (O2(-)) species are key intermediates in the activation of molecular oxygen by cationic gold clusters.
  • The electronic structure of gold clusters influences the mechanism of oxygen activation.
  • These findings provide insights into the fundamental steps of gold-catalyzed oxidation reactions.