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Related Concept Videos

Roles of Electrolytes: Calcium and Phosphate01:27

Roles of Electrolytes: Calcium and Phosphate

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Calcium and phosphate are essential electrolytes in the human body, with calcium being the most abundant mineral. Around 99% of the body's calcium is stored in the skeleton and teeth, forming a crystal lattice of mineral salts in combination with phosphates. Calcium plays crucial roles in various bodily functions such as blood clotting, neurotransmitter release, muscle tone maintenance, and nervous and muscle tissue excitability.
The calcium concentration in blood plasma is primarily...
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Phosphate Buffer01:22

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The phosphate buffer system is a critical biological mechanism for maintaining pH stability in the body. This system operates primarily through two components: sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH2PO4), which acts as a weak acid, and sodium hydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO4), which serves as a weak base.
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Introduction to Electrolytes01:33

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In humans, electrolytes play a vital role in various physiological processes. Balancing electrolyte levels is essential for normal body functions; their imbalance can be life-threatening. The major electrolytes include sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphate, and bicarbonate. They are primarily involved in physiological processes, such as nerve signal transmission, membrane trafficking, muscle contraction, buffering body fluids, and balancing water levels in the body.
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Essential Minerals for Bone Health01:31

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The minerals contained in all of the food we consume are essential for our organ systems. However, certain essential minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and fluoride, largely affect bone health.
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Drug Distribution: Tissue Binding01:21

Drug Distribution: Tissue Binding

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Upon entering the systemic circulation, drugs can distribute into the interstitial and intracellular fluid of various tissue cells. This distribution is facilitated by the binding of drugs to different cellular components within tissues, which may lead to drug accumulation in specific areas. Drugs bound to tissue components serve as reservoirs that release free drugs back into the system, prolonging the drug's overall action. However, this accumulation can also result in local toxicity.
For...
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The Phosphorus Cycle01:21

The Phosphorus Cycle

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Unlike carbon, water, and nitrogen, phosphorus is not present in the atmosphere as a gas. Instead, most phosphorus in the ecosystem exists as compounds, such as phosphate ions (PO43-), found in soil, water, sediment and rocks. Phosphorus is often a limiting nutrient (i.e., in short supply). Consequently, phosphorus is added to most agricultural fertilizers, which can cause environmental problems related to runoff in aquatic ecosystems.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 29, 2026

Optimized Procedure for Determining the Adsorption of Phosphonates onto Granular Ferric Hydroxide using a Miniaturized Phosphorus Determination Method
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Optimized Procedure for Determining the Adsorption of Phosphonates onto Granular Ferric Hydroxide using a Miniaturized Phosphorus Determination Method

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Next-generation phosphate binders: focus on iron-based binders.

Dimitra Nastou1, Beatriz Fernández-Fernández, Usama Elewa

  • 1Hellenic Red Cross Hospital, Athens, Greece.

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|May 23, 2014
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Iron-based phosphate binders offer new options for managing high phosphate levels in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Ferric citrate and sucroferric oxyhydroxide show promise, with distinct benefits for patients needing or not needing iron supplementation.

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Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Elevated phosphate levels in chronic kidney disease (CKD) correlate with increased mortality and accelerated aging.
  • Current oral phosphate binders present challenges, including adverse outcomes with calcium-based binders and high costs for non-calcium-based alternatives.
  • Iron-based phosphate binders represent a novel therapeutic class for managing hyperphosphatemia.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the development and clinical trial data of iron-based phosphate binders.
  • To compare the efficacy, safety, and patient suitability of ferric citrate and sucroferric oxyhydroxide.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical trial data for four iron-based phosphate binders.
  • Analysis of pharmacokinetic profiles, focusing on iron absorption.
  • Evaluation of safety and efficacy in treating hyperphosphatemia in CKD patients.

Main Results:

  • Ferric citrate and sucroferric oxyhydroxide (PA21) have demonstrated safety and efficacy in reducing serum phosphate.
  • Ferric citrate exhibits greater iron absorption compared to sucroferric oxyhydroxide.
  • Sucroferric oxyhydroxide was approved in the USA in 2014; ferric citrate is pending regulatory approval.

Conclusions:

  • Ferric citrate may be suitable for long-term hyperphosphatemia management in CKD patients requiring iron supplementation, with caution regarding iron overload.
  • Sucroferric oxyhydroxide appears better suited for hyperphosphatemic CKD patients not requiring iron supplements.
  • Further research may refine the use of these agents based on individual patient iron status and needs.