Correction of procedural arterial pseudoaneurysms: established and novel procedures

Pseudoaneurysms are common complications of interventional cardiovascular procedures and represent a significant burden for patients and for health-care systems. Ultrasound-guided thrombin injection is nowadays considered as the treatment of choice for iatrogenic pseudoaneurysms without indication to surgery, but accepted guidelines are currently lacking. In recent years, several novel therapeutic approaches have been suggested, often as limited, single-center experiences. In the present review, the authors focus on promising techniques that may represent an alternative to ultrasound-guided thrombin injection, further reducing the need for surgical treatment.