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Related Concept Videos

Lysosomes01:31

Lysosomes

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Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed spherical sacs derived from the Golgi apparatus. The most important function of the lysosome is degrading macromolecules and biological polymers that are released during membrane trafficking events such as the secretory, endocytic, autophagic, and phagocytic pathways. The degradation is carried out by several hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen. These acid hydrolases are involved in cellular processes such as cell signaling,...
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Lysosomes01:31

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Maturation of Endosomes01:28

Maturation of Endosomes

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The early endosome containing internalized molecules matures through transformations in its location, morphology, intraluminal pH, and membrane protein composition. Together, these changes result in a more acidic late endosome that contains multiple intraluminal vesicles; therefore, the late endosome is also called a multivesicular body (MVB).
Changes in location
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Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies01:38

Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies

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Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...
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Lysosomal Hydrolases01:22

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Lysosomes are the site for the degradation of macromolecules and biological polymers released during membrane trafficking events such as secretory, endocytic, autophagic, and phagocytic pathways. The membrane-enclosed area of the lysosome, called the lumen, contains hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment. These acid hydrolases are functional at a pH between 4.5 and 5 and are involved in cellular processes such as cell signaling, energy metabolism, restoration of the plasma membrane,...
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Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome01:36

Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome

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Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
Endocytosis
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Updated: Apr 29, 2026

Nanogold Labeling of the Yeast Endosomal System for Ultrastructural Analyses
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The complex ultrastructure of the endolysosomal system.

Judith Klumperman1, Graça Raposo2

  • 1Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.

Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
|May 24, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Live-cell imaging and electron microscopy reveal the dynamic endolysosomal system. This review details endosomal compartments, their ultrastructure, and molecular organization for researchers.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • The endolysosomal system is a dynamic network of interacting cellular compartments.
  • Endosomes are classified by kinetic, molecular, and morphological criteria, but these have limitations.
  • Ultrastructural analysis and molecular profiling are crucial for understanding endosomal complexity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of the ultrastructural characteristics of endosomal compartments.
  • To describe the membrane organization and molecular makeup of endosomes.
  • To discuss the machineries that organize the endolysosomal system.

Main Methods:

  • Live-cell imaging to observe endosomal dynamics.
  • Electron microscopy (EM) for ultrastructural analysis.
  • Immunoelectron microscopy (Immuno-EM) for molecular discrimination of compartments.

Main Results:

  • Endosomal compartments exhibit distinct ultrastructural features and membrane specializations.
  • Molecular differences can be identified between seemingly similar endosomal compartments using Immuno-EM.
  • The organization of the endolysosomal system involves specific machineries.

Conclusions:

  • A combination of live-cell imaging, EM, and Immuno-EM is essential for a comprehensive understanding of the endolysosomal system.
  • Detailed knowledge of endosomal ultrastructure and molecular organization aids in deciphering their complex functions.
  • Understanding the organizing machineries is key to elucidating endolysosomal system regulation.