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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

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NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
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Paramagnetism01:30

Paramagnetism

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Paramagnets are materials with unpaired electrons that possess a finite magnetic moment. In the absence of a magnetic field, these moments are randomly oriented, and thus the net moment is zero. Under an external field, a torque acting on the moments tends to align them along the field's direction. However, the random thermal motion of electrons produces a torque opposite to the external field and tries to disorient the moments. These two competing effects align only a few moments along the...
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Magnetic Moment00:59

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Magnetic Moment

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All atomic nuclei are positively charged. When they have a nonzero spin, they behave like rotating charges. As a consequence of their charge and spin, these nuclei generate a magnetic field (B). This, in turn, gives rise to a magnetic moment (μ), which is randomly oriented in the absence of an external magnetic field. When an external magnetic field (B0) is applied, the magnetic moment vectors can align with the field or against it in 2 + 1 orientations. A hydrogen nucleus, which is just a...
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Diamagnetism01:26

Diamagnetism

2.8K
Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets....
2.8K
NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling01:08

NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling

3.4K
The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved...
3.4K
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

1.1K
In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.
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Magnetic Tweezers for the Measurement of Twist and Torque
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Chiral spin torque arising from proximity-induced magnetization.

Kwang-Su Ryu1, See-Hun Yang1, Luc Thomas2

  • 1IBM Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95120, USA.

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Domain walls in cobalt nanowires move at high speeds due to chiral spin torque. This torque

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Area of Science:

  • Spintronics
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Domain walls in magnetic nanowires are crucial for data storage.
  • Chiral spin torque enables high-speed domain wall motion.
  • Understanding the factors influencing chiral spin torque is essential for device optimization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of interfaced metal layers in chiral spin torque.
  • To correlate proximity-induced magnetization with domain wall velocity.
  • To demonstrate interface engineering for enhancing chiral spin torque.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of ultra-thin cobalt and cobalt/nickel multilayer nanowires on various metal underlayers (Pt, Ir, Pd, Au).
  • Measurement of domain wall stopping magnetic field amplitude as a function of current.
  • Interface engineering using atomically thin dusting layers to tune proximity-induced magnetization.

Main Results:

  • Chiral spin torque is observed in cobalt layers interfaced with Ir, Pd, and Pt, but not Au.
  • A direct correlation exists between the strength of chiral spin torque and the magnitude of proximity-induced magnetization.
  • High domain wall velocities are achieved with metals exhibiting large proximity-induced magnetic moments.

Conclusions:

  • Proximity-induced magnetization in interfaced metals is critical for efficient chiral spin torque.
  • Interface engineering offers a pathway to optimize domain wall motion for spintronic applications.
  • The findings pave the way for developing high-speed magnetic memory devices.