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Related Concept Videos

Fusion of Secretory Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane01:26

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Proteins and neurotransmitters in secretory vesicles can be released from a cell upon vesicle docking, priming, and fusion with the plasma membrane. Vesicles are docked and primed in preparation for the quick exocytosis of their contents in response to a stimulus. The fusion process is mainly carried out by a SNAP Receptor or SNARE complex, consisting of synaptobrevin, syntaxin-1, and SNAP-25.
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After budding out from the ER membrane, some COPII vesicles lose their coat and fuse with one another to form larger vesicles and interconnected tubules called vesicular tubular clusters or VTCs. These clusters constitute a compartment at the ER-Golgi interface known as ERGIC (Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Intermediate Compartment). The ERGIC is a mobile membrane-bound cargo transport system that sorts proteins secreted from ER and delivers them to the Golgi.
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Pinching-off of Coated Vesicles01:32

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Vesicle budding is orchestrated by distinct cytosolic proteins such as adaptor proteins, coat proteins, and GTPases. To initiate vesicle budding, membrane-bending proteins containing crescent-shaped BAR domains bind to the lipid heads in the bilayer and distort the membrane to form a protein-coated vesicle bud. Adaptors proteins such as AP2 for clathrin-coated vesicles can nucleate on the deformed membrane. Finally, coat proteins such as clathrin or COPI and COPII assemble into a coat forming...
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Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
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Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...
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COP Coated Vesicles00:59

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Membrane-enclosed structures called vesicles transport proteins and lipids across the cell. The vesicles derive their cargo from the plasma membrane, Golgi, ER, or endosome. Coated vesicles are spherical, protein-coated carriers with a 50–100 nm diameter that mediate bidirectional transport between the ER and the Golgi. The distribution of proteins between the ER and Golgi complex is dynamic and is maintained by different coated vesicles. Their formation is driven by the assembly of...
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Reconstitution of a Transmembrane Protein, the Voltage-gated Ion Channel, KvAP, into Giant Unilamellar Vesicles for Microscopy and Patch Clamp Studies
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Electroformation of Janus and patchy capsules.

Zbigniew Rozynek1, Alexander Mikkelsen2, Paul Dommersnes3

  • 11] Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Hoegskoleringen 5, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway [2] Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.

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|May 24, 2014
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Summary

Researchers developed a new method to create complex, multi-functional capsules. This technique uses electro-hydrodynamic flow and electro-coalescence to produce precisely patterned soft matter for advanced materials applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Soft matter physics
  • Materials science
  • Colloid chemistry

Background:

  • Janus and patchy particles offer designed heterogeneous surfaces with distinct material properties.
  • These particles are key building blocks for novel soft matter and functional materials.
  • Existing methods for creating complex particle structures can be limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel, simple assembly route for forming heterogeneous capsules.
  • To create highly ordered jammed colloidal shells with controlled domain size and composition.
  • To combine the functionalities of Janus/patchy particles with permeable shells like colloidosomes.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing the synergetic action of electro-hydrodynamic flow and electro-coalescence.
  • Producing highly ordered jammed colloidal shells of various shapes.
  • Demonstrating a robust and extendable method for multi-patchy capsule production.

Main Results:

  • Successfully formed heterogeneous capsules with controlled domain size and composition.
  • Demonstrated the ability to produce multi-patchy capsules using the developed method.
  • Showcased the versatility of the approach for creating complex colloidal structures.

Conclusions:

  • The developed method provides a straightforward route to heterogeneous and multi-patchy capsules.
  • These capsules combine functionalities of patchy particles and permeable shells.
  • Potential applications include functional emulsions, supra-colloidosome structures, and scaffolds.