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Related Concept Videos

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

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Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this...
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Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:29

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A hemorrhagic stroke develops when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding brain tissue, as in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or into the subarachnoid space, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because the skull is a rigid compartment, the sudden presence of extravascular blood rapidly increases intracranial pressure and compresses adjacent neural structures, leading to immediate tissue injury and impaired cerebral perfusion.Mass Effect and Primary...
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Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology01:25

Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology

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Early Ischemia and Ionic ImbalanceWithin minutes of spinal cord injury, a secondary cascade begins, progressing over hours to weeks. Vascular damage reduces blood flow, causing ischemia and mitochondrial dysfunction. ATP depletion leads to ion pump failure, membrane depolarization, sodium influx, potassium efflux, and water accumulation, resulting in cellular swelling. Increased intracellular calcium further disrupts mitochondria and accelerates cellular injury.Excitotoxicity and Neuronal...
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Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
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Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction01:19

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction

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Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. It is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder and a leading cause of neurological disability in young adults.EpidemiologyMS commonly begins between 20 and 40 years of age and is twice as common in women. Its exact cause remains unclear, but genetic susceptibility contributes, with higher risk in first-degree relatives and identical twins. A greater...
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Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:15

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An ischemic stroke occurs when a cerebral blood vessel becomes obstructed, most often by a thrombus or embolus, interrupting the delivery of oxygen and glucose to brain tissue. Because neurons rely on continuous aerobic metabolism, energy failure begins within minutes of reduced perfusion. The region receiving the least blood flow becomes the infarct core, an area of irreversible cellular death. Surrounding this core lies the penumbra, a zone of hypoperfused but still viable tissue that is...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 29, 2026

Visualizing Impairment of the Endothelial and Glial Barriers of the Neurovascular Unit during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis In Vivo
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Catastrophic primary central nervous system vasculitis.

Carlo Salvarani1, Robert D Brown, Jonathan M Morris

  • 1Unità Operativa di Reumatologia, Azienda Ospedaliera ASMN, IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Italy. salvarani.carlo@asmn.re.it.

Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology
|May 24, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Primary central nervous system vasculitis (PCNSV) can rapidly progress to a fatal outcome. This case highlights the worst-case scenario of PCNSV, emphasizing aggressive, widespread brain lesions and infarctions.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Immunology
  • Vascular Medicine

Background:

  • Primary central nervous system vasculitis (PCNSV) is a rare inflammatory condition affecting brain and spinal cord blood vessels.
  • PCNSV presents with diverse clinical characteristics and prognoses.

Observation:

  • A patient with PCNSV experienced a rapidly deteriorating, catastrophic clinical course.
  • The patient's condition was refractory to intensive treatment, including methylprednisolone and cyclophosphamide pulses.

Findings:

  • Rapidly progressive PCNSV signifies the most severe clinical spectrum of the disease.
  • Angiograms revealed bilateral, multiple, large cerebral vessel lesions.
  • Multiple bilateral cerebral infarctions were observed, correlating with the rapid decline.

Implications:

  • This case underscores the critical need for early recognition and aggressive management strategies for severe PCNSV.
  • Understanding the radiological and clinical markers of rapidly progressive PCNSV is crucial for patient outcomes.
  • Further research into novel therapeutic approaches for refractory PCNSV is warranted.