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Related Concept Videos

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I01:22

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I

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Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
The Cervical Plexus
The cervical plexus, formed by the anterior rami of the first four...
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Flail Chest-I01:24

Flail Chest-I

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Overview of Flail Chest
Flail chest is a severe and potentially life-threatening condition characterized by the fracture of three or more adjacent ribs in multiple places. It is most commonly caused by direct impacts and trauma, such as motor vehicle accidents or injuries from a steering wheel impact. It can also occur due to falls in elderly individuals with osteoporosis, or assaults involving sharp objects.
Pathophysiology
The pathophysiology of flail chest is complex, involving fractures of...
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Muscles that Move the Arm01:31

Muscles that Move the Arm

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Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...
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Arteries of the Upper Limbs01:12

Arteries of the Upper Limbs

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The subclavian artery transitions into the axillary artery as it exits the chest and enters the axillary region. This artery is critical for supplying blood to the shoulder area, including the head of the humerus, through the humeral circumflex arteries. As the vessel continues into the upper arm or brachium, it becomes the brachial artery. This artery plays a key role in vascularizing the brachial region and bifurcates at the elbow into several branches. These branches include the deep...
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Muscles of the Shoulder01:23

Muscles of the Shoulder

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The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and...
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Flail Chest-II01:26

Flail Chest-II

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Managing flail chest, a condition characterized by a segment of the chest wall moving independently from the rest of the thoracic cage, requires a comprehensive approach. It includes a thorough assessment of the patient's condition, a diagnostic evaluation to determine the extent of the injury, and the implementation of appropriate medical interventions tailored to the individual's needs.
Assessment:
1. Clinical Evaluation:
History:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 29, 2026

Development of a Neonatal Rat Model for Brachial Plexus Birth Injury
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Acromioclavicular joint dislocation with associated brachial plexus injury.

Charles Alexander Gallagher1, William Blakeney2, René Zellweger3

  • 1Department of Orthopaedics, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

BMJ Case Reports
|May 24, 2014
PubMed
Summary

This case study details a severe acromioclavicular (AC) joint type V injury and brachial plexus injury. Recovery involved surgical fixation, plate removal, and rehabilitation, ultimately restoring shoulder function and daily activities.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Neurology
  • Traumatology

Background:

  • A 32-year-old female sustained a complex left shoulder injury including acromioclavicular (AC) joint type V and brachial plexus injury after a motorbike accident.
  • The AC joint injury was diagnosed six days post-trauma and treated with operative fixation using a locking compression plate.

Observation:

  • Three months post-surgery, the patient presented with left shoulder subluxation due to an axonal injury to the upper brachial plexus trunk.
  • The tibial plate used for AC joint fixation failed (cut out) and was subsequently removed.

Findings:

  • Significant recovery of glenohumeral articulation and shoulder function was observed by eight months post-operatively.
  • Full pain resolution and restoration of activities of daily living were achieved by 15 months.

Implications:

  • This case highlights the challenges in managing combined AC joint and brachial plexus injuries.
  • Successful functional restoration is achievable with appropriate surgical intervention and rehabilitation, even after complex trauma and hardware complications.