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Updated: Apr 29, 2026

Removal of an Internal Translational Start Site from mRNA While Retaining Expression of the Full-Length Protein

Removal of an Internal Translational Start Site from mRNA While Retaining Expression of the Full-Length Protein

Published on: March 16, 2022

Stop codon reassignments in the wild.

Natalia N Ivanova¹, Patrick Schwientek¹, H James Tripp¹

¹Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute (DOE JGI), Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)

|May 24, 2014

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

The study found widespread genetic code variations, including stop codon reassignments, in environmental samples. This highlights the diversity of genetic codes and potential phage-host conflicts due to these differences.

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Area of Science:

Genetics
Microbiology
Bioinformatics

Background:

The canonical genetic code is considered highly conserved across life.
Few exceptions to the standard genetic code have been documented previously.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the prevalence and extent of genetic code variations in environmental organisms.
To identify instances of stop codon reassignment in metagenomic data.

Main Methods:

Analysis of 5.6 trillion base pairs of metagenomic data.
Scanning for stop codon reassignment events, specifically opal and amber codons.
Examination of over 1700 environmental samples.

Main Results:

A substantial fraction of environmental samples exhibited recoding events.
Extensive opal and amber stop codon reassignments were observed in bacteriophages.
Opal stop codon reassignment was also detected in bacteria.

Conclusions:

Bacteriophages can infect hosts with different genetic codes, leading to antagonism.
The diversity of genetic codes in nature necessitates careful consideration for synthetic biology.
Engineered organisms with altered genetic codes must account for natural variations to prevent unintended genetic exchange.