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Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction

Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction

Ischemic stroke is an acute cerebrovascular condition in which blood flow to a brain region is suddenly interrupted, leading to tissue infarction. Neurons depend on continuous oxygen and glucose supply, so even brief reductions in perfusion cause energy failure, ionic imbalance, and irreversible injury. Ischemic strokes are classified into thrombotic and embolic types based on their underlying mechanisms.Thrombotic MechanismsThrombotic stroke develops when a clot forms within a cerebral artery.

Stroke: Introduction and Types

Stroke: Introduction and Types

A stroke is an acute neurological event caused by the sudden disruption of cerebral blood flow, leading to rapid loss of neuronal function. Neurons depend on continuous oxygen and glucose supply, so even brief interruptions can cause irreversible injury within minutes. Strokes are classified into ischemic and hemorrhagic types.Ischemic StrokeIschemic strokes are most common and occur due to arterial occlusion, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients. This leads to energy failure, ionic...

Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

An ischemic stroke occurs when a cerebral blood vessel becomes obstructed, most often by a thrombus or embolus, interrupting the delivery of oxygen and glucose to brain tissue. Because neurons rely on continuous aerobic metabolism, energy failure begins within minutes of reduced perfusion. The region receiving the least blood flow becomes the infarct core, an area of irreversible cellular death. Surrounding this core lies the penumbra, a zone of hypoperfused but still viable tissue that is...

Transient Ischemic Attack l: Introduction

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A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a brief episode of neurological dysfunction caused by a temporary, focal reduction in cerebral blood flow. Although symptoms resemble those of an ischemic stroke, the interruption in perfusion is short-lived and does not cause permanent infarction. TIAs are clinically important because they often serve as early warning events for future stroke.Mechanisms of Transient Cerebral IschemiaTransient cerebral ischemia may arise through several mechanisms. One...

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

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A hemorrhagic stroke develops when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding brain tissue, as in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or into the subarachnoid space, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because the skull is a rigid compartment, the sudden presence of extravascular blood rapidly increases intracranial pressure and compresses adjacent neural structures, leading to immediate tissue injury and impaired cerebral perfusion.Mass Effect and Primary...

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

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A hemorrhagic stroke is an acute neurological event that occurs when a weakened cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to accumulate within or around the brain. The sudden release of blood forms a focal hematoma that increases intracranial pressure, displaces neural tissue, and can obstruct cerebrospinal fluid pathways. These effects may be compounded by intraventricular extension of the hemorrhage, cerebral edema, or compression of adjacent structures, all of which contribute to...

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Optimized Management of Endovascular Treatment for Acute Ischemic Stroke

Optimized Management of Endovascular Treatment for Acute Ischemic Stroke

Published on: January 18, 2018

Relationship between augmentation index and acute ischemic stroke subtype.

Dae Sup Byun¹, Sang Won Han¹, Joong Hyun Park¹

¹Department of Neurology, Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, 761-1 Sanggye 7-dong, Nowon-gu, 139-707 Seoul, Republic of Korea.

Journal of Clinical Neuroscience : Official Journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia

|May 27, 2014

Summary

Arterial stiffness, measured by augmentation index (AIx), was higher in patients with lacunar stroke. This finding suggests a link between increased arterial stiffness and the development of lacunar infarction.

Keywords:

Arterial stiffness Augmentation index Ischemic stroke

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Author Spotlight: Integrated Photoacoustic, Ultrasound, and Angiographic Tomography (PAUSAT) for NonInvasive Whole-Brain Imaging of Ischemic Stroke

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Published on: June 2, 2023

Area of Science:

Cardiovascular Medicine
Neurology
Vascular Biology

Background:

Arterial stiffness is a significant indicator of cardiovascular health.
Understanding the relationship between arterial stiffness and specific stroke subtypes is crucial for targeted interventions.
Augmentation index (AIx) is a measure of arterial stiffness derived from pulse wave analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the association between augmentation index (AIx) and vascular risk factors across different ischemic stroke subtypes.
To determine if AIx differs among stroke subtypes, specifically lacunar infarction, stroke of undetermined etiology, large artery atherosclerosis, and cardioembolism.
To explore the relationship between AIx and traditional vascular risk factors like age, sex, and blood pressure in acute stroke patients.

Main Methods:

A prospective study involving 189 patients aged 45 or older with first-time ischemic stroke within 7 days.
Augmentation index (AIx) was measured using applanation tonometry.
Ischemic stroke subtypes were classified using the Trial of Org 10172 in the Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) classification system.

Main Results:

The lacunar stroke subtype showed a trend towards higher AIx at 75 beats per minute (AIx@75) compared to other subtypes (p=0.064).
AIx@75 demonstrated significant correlations with age, sex, peripheral systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and mean arterial pressure (MAP).
Multiple linear regression confirmed age, sex, SBP, DBP, and MAP as significant predictors of AIx@75.

Conclusions:

Arterial stiffness appears to be increased in patients experiencing acute lacunar infarction.
The findings suggest a potential link between elevated arterial stiffness and the underlying pathogenesis of lacunar stroke.
Further research is warranted to elucidate the causal relationship and therapeutic implications of increased arterial stiffness in lacunar infarction.