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Related Concept Videos

Diverticular Disease of the Colon01:27

Diverticular Disease of the Colon

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Diverticular disease involves the formation of diverticula—small sac-like outpouchings of the colonic wall—and their complications. It most commonly affects the sigmoid colon due to higher intraluminal pressure and structural vulnerability. It results from structural weakness and increased pressure in the colon, producing pseudodiverticula that may remain silent or progress to inflammation and serious complications.Structure of DiverticulaIn diverticulosis, these outpouchings are...
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Evaluating the rectum and anus plays a crucial role in conducting a thorough physical examination of the gastrointestinal system. Although it may be uncomfortable and often embarrassing for the patient, it holds immense diagnostic value, particularly in detecting gastrointestinal diseases and abnormalities. This guide will explain how to perform this assessment using inspection and palpation methods.
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Several factors can increase the risk of cancer in an individual. About 50% of cancer cases can be prevented by adopting a healthy lifestyle, regular exercise, eating healthy, and following a modest cancer prevention diet. Epidemiological studies have consistently shown that populations with vegetable and fruit-rich diets have reduced the incidence of cancer. On the other hand, populations who have a diet rich in animal fat, red meat, junk food, or high calories are predisposed to cancer.
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The colon, or large intestine, is the final segment of the digestive system. Its primary functions include absorbing water and vitamins produced by gut bacteria and transforming waste from liquid to solid to form stool. In adults, the large intestine is approximately 5 feet long and consists of four main sections:
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Competing-Risk Nomogram for Predicting Cancer-Specific Survival in Multiple Primary Colorectal Cancer Patients after Surgery
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Colorectal cancer: all hands on deck.

Alan P Venook1, Martin R Weiser1, Joel E Tepper1

  • 1From the Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY; UNC/Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC.

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Summary

Significant advancements in colorectal cancer (CRC) management over 50 years have improved survival and enabled earlier detection. Research now focuses on genetic insights for prevention and personalized treatments, moving beyond traditional pathology.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Gastroenterology
  • Cancer Research

Background:

  • Colorectal cancer (CRC) management has seen significant progress over the last five decades.
  • Surveillance colonoscopy and polyp resection have reduced CRC incidence, despite suboptimal compliance.
  • Epidemiologic and genetic data aid in identifying at-risk individuals for cancer prevention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the advancements in colorectal cancer understanding and management.
  • To highlight improvements in early detection, surgical techniques, and therapeutic options for metastatic CRC.
  • To discuss the future of CRC treatment based on biologic and genetic characteristics.

Main Methods:

  • Review of progress in surveillance, diagnostics, surgical interventions, and chemotherapies for CRC.
  • Analysis of imaging modalities, surgical advancements (laparoscopic, hepatic resection), and radiation techniques.
  • Discussion of emerging biologic therapies and the role of genetic profiling.

Main Results:

  • Improved survival rates for patients with metastatic CRC due to earlier detection and advanced treatments.
  • Enhanced diagnostic capabilities through higher resolution imaging.
  • Development of less morbid radiation techniques and more effective chemotherapies.

Conclusions:

  • Colorectal cancer management has evolved significantly, improving patient outcomes.
  • Future CRC treatment will likely involve personalized approaches based on biologic and genetic profiles.
  • Emphasis remains on early detection, risk identification, and primary prevention of colorectal cancer.