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Related Concept Videos

Polymer Classification: Crystallinity01:21

Polymer Classification: Crystallinity

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Unlike ionic or small covalent molecules, polymers do not form crystalline solids due to the diffusion limitations of their long-chain structures. However, polymers contain microscopic crystalline domains separated by amorphous domains.
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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
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Crystal Field Theory
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Theory of amorphous ices.

David T Limmer1, David Chandler2

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94609.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|May 27, 2014
PubMed
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Researchers mapped the phase diagram for amorphous solids and supercooled water, identifying multiple forms of amorphous ice. Large-deviation theory enabled computer simulations to reveal transitions and coexistence between these phases.

Keywords:
glass transitionputative liquid-liquid transition

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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Thermodynamics

Background:

  • Amorphous solids, including various forms of amorphous ice, are metastable materials.
  • Understanding the phase behavior of water, particularly its amorphous states, is crucial for condensed matter physics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To derive a phase diagram for amorphous solids and supercooled liquid water.
  • To explain the existence of multiple forms of amorphous water ice.
  • To investigate the transitions and coexistence between different amorphous water phases.

Main Methods:

  • Application of large-deviation theory for computer simulations.
  • Nonequilibrium simulations to study transitions between liquid and amorphous solid phases.
  • Analysis of phase coexistence and melting behaviors.

Main Results:

  • A phase diagram for amorphous solids and supercooled water was derived.
  • Two distinct amorphous solid phases of water were identified and their coexistence established.
  • A nonequilibrium triple point involving two amorphous phases and the liquid was predicted.
  • Melting pathways for amorphous solids were detailed, including stepwise transitions and subsequent ice coarsening.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides a theoretical framework for understanding the complex phase behavior of amorphous water.
  • Computer simulations guided by large-deviation theory are effective tools for exploring metastable states.
  • The findings offer insights into the formation and properties of different amorphous ice structures.