Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

What is Gene Expression?01:36

What is Gene Expression?

10.0K
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then...
10.0K
What is Gene Expression?01:42

What is Gene Expression?

131.9K
Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is made up of nucleotides and proteins consist of amino...
131.9K
Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

1.3K
The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
1.3K
Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

9.5K
Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
9.5K
Background and Environment Affect Phenotype02:27

Background and Environment Affect Phenotype

5.8K
Although the genetic makeup of an organism plays a major role in determining the phenotype, there are also several environmental factors, such as temperature, oxygen availability, presence of mutagens, that can alter an organism’s phenotype.
An example of how genetic background affects phenotype can be seen in horses. The Extension gene in horses is responsible for their coat color. A wild-type gene (EE) produces black pigment in the coat, while a mutant gene (ee) produces red pigment. A...
5.8K
Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

Cell Specific Gene Expression

13.2K
Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
13.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Coexisting pollutants modulate cephalosporin bioavailability and shape antibiotic resistance evolution under co-exposure conditions.

Journal of hazardous materials·2026
Same author

Resistome risks of biological wastewater treatment communities: A global dataset of activated sludge, anaerobic digestion, and anammox.

Journal of hazardous materials·2026
Same author

Cu(II) and Zn(II) Enhance Antibiotic Resistance Gene Transformation by Regulating Type IV Pili-Mediated DNA Uptake.

Environmental science & technology·2026
Same author

Nicotinic acid enhances heavy metal stress resilience of wastewater anammox communities via NAD<sup>+</sup> replenishment.

Water research·2026
Same author

Carbon sources shape activated sludge resistome through direct carbon-assimilating bacteria.

Journal of hazardous materials·2026
Same author

A multi-angle analysis of injury induced by supplementation of soybean meal in <i>Litopenaeus vannamei</i> diets.

Frontiers in microbiomes·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 29, 2026

Dissection of Larval Zebrafish Gonadal Tissue
10:43

Dissection of Larval Zebrafish Gonadal Tissue

Published on: April 26, 2017

10.0K

Genes encoding aromatases in teleosts: evolution and expression regulation.

Yang Zhang1, Shen Zhang1, Huijie Lu1

  • 1School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China.

General and Comparative Endocrinology
|May 27, 2014
PubMed
Summary

The evolution of cytochrome P450 aromatase (cyp19a1) genes in teleost fish, with two gene copies, reveals distinct brain and ovarian forms. This highlights unique regulatory mechanisms and evolutionary paths compared to other vertebrates.

Keywords:
Cyp19a1aCyp19a1bEvolutionExpression regulationTeleost

More Related Videos

Gonadectomy and Blood Sampling Procedures in the Small Size Teleost Model Japanese Medaka Oryzias latipes
05:31

Gonadectomy and Blood Sampling Procedures in the Small Size Teleost Model Japanese Medaka Oryzias latipes

Published on: December 11, 2020

4.1K
Using TgVtg1:mcherry Zebrafish Embryos to Test the Estrogenic Effects of Endocrine Disrupting Compounds
12:02

Using TgVtg1:mcherry Zebrafish Embryos to Test the Estrogenic Effects of Endocrine Disrupting Compounds

Published on: August 8, 2020

6.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 29, 2026

Dissection of Larval Zebrafish Gonadal Tissue
10:43

Dissection of Larval Zebrafish Gonadal Tissue

Published on: April 26, 2017

10.0K
Gonadectomy and Blood Sampling Procedures in the Small Size Teleost Model Japanese Medaka Oryzias latipes
05:31

Gonadectomy and Blood Sampling Procedures in the Small Size Teleost Model Japanese Medaka Oryzias latipes

Published on: December 11, 2020

4.1K
Using TgVtg1:mcherry Zebrafish Embryos to Test the Estrogenic Effects of Endocrine Disrupting Compounds
12:02

Using TgVtg1:mcherry Zebrafish Embryos to Test the Estrogenic Effects of Endocrine Disrupting Compounds

Published on: August 8, 2020

6.0K

Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Genomics
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Cytochrome P450 aromatases (cyp19a1) are crucial for vertebrate reproduction, catalyzing androgen to estrogen conversion.
  • Vertebrate cyp19a1 genes exhibit conserved synteny and sequences, but amphioxus cyp19a1 shows a divergent chromosomal location.
  • Teleost fish possess two cyp19a1 gene copies, likely from a fish-specific genome duplication event.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the evolution and functional divergence of the two cyp19a1 gene copies in teleost fish.
  • To understand the regulatory mechanisms underlying the distinct expression of brain (cyp19a1a) and ovarian (cyp19a1b) aromatase forms.
  • To explore potential additional regulatory mechanisms beyond the estradiol auto-regulatory loop in teleost brains.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative genomics analysis of cyp19a1 gene synteny and sequence conservation across vertebrates.
  • Phylogenetic analysis to trace the duplication and divergence of cyp19a1 genes in teleost fish.
  • Bioinformatic and experimental approaches to study gene expression regulation of cyp19a1a and cyp19a1b.

Main Results:

  • Teleost cyp19a1 genes show evidence of subfunctionalization into brain-specific (cyp19a1a) and ovarian-specific (cyp19a1b) forms.
  • These duplicated genes evolved distinct regulatory mechanisms under long-term selective pressure.
  • The study suggests additional factors contribute to high aromatase expression in teleost brains, beyond the known estradiol feedback loop.

Conclusions:

  • The duplicated cyp19a1 genes in teleost fish provide a model for understanding gene duplication, subfunctionalization, and regulatory evolution.
  • Investigating these two copies offers insights into the broader evolution, function, and regulation of cyp19a1 across vertebrates.
  • This research sheds light on the specialized roles and control of estrogen synthesis in different tissues within teleost fish.