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Phase-lag controllers are widely used in control systems to improve stability and reduce steady-state errors. A dimmer switch controlling the brightness of a light bulb serves as a practical example of phase-lag control, gradually adjusting the bulb's brightness. Mathematically, phase-lag control or low-pass filtering is represented when the factor 'a' is less than 1.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 29, 2026

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs
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Chirped frequency transfer: a tool for synchronization and time transfer.

Sebastian M F Raupach, Gesine Grosche

    IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control
    |May 27, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    We developed phase-stabilized chirped frequency transfer for precise synchronization and time transfer. This method achieves high accuracy and simultaneity, enabling robust remote measurements over long distances.

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    Area of Science:

    • Metrology and Scientific Measurement
    • Optical Physics and Engineering
    • Time and Frequency Transfer

    Background:

    • Traditional time transfer methods often rely on 1-pulse per second (PPS) signals, requiring synchronization to an external clock.
    • Synchronizing observations via frequency measurements offers an alternative, needing only a stable local oscillator for frequency counters.
    • Accurate synchronization and time transfer are critical for distributed measurement systems and scientific experiments.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose and demonstrate phase-stabilized transfer of a chirped optical frequency as a novel tool for synchronization and time transfer.
    • To evaluate the accuracy, simultaneity, and precision of this method for remote measurements.
    • To apply chirped frequency transfer for precise remote synchronization of counter gate intervals.

    Main Methods:

    • Phase-stabilized transfer of an optical frequency chirped at approximately 240 kHz/s over a 149 km fiber link.
    • Utilizing frequency counter gate intervals driven by a hydrogen maser-derived 10-MHz oscillation for time transfer analogy.
    • Remote measurement of synchronization between two counter gate intervals using the transferred chirped frequency.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved a precision (Allan deviation at 18,000 s) of the transferred frequency of approximately 2 × 10⁻¹⁹.
    • Demonstrated suppression of symmetrical delays, such as geometrical path delay.
    • Obtained a precision of approximately 200 ps for remote synchronization of counter gate intervals, with an estimated overall uncertainty of 500 ps.

    Conclusions:

    • Phase-stabilized chirped frequency transfer is a viable technique for high-precision synchronization and time transfer.
    • The method offers high accuracy and simultaneity, comparable to traditional methods but with potential advantages for synchronization.
    • The technique unambiguously measures timing offsets up to 4 minutes, with potential for extension to longer ranges.