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Mesenchymal Stem Cells01:19

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Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult stem cells that can differentiate into most connective tissue cell types, except for hematopoietic cells, depending upon the source of MSCs. For example, bone-marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) can differentiate into osteocytes, hepatocytes, and pancreatic and neuronal cells. MSCs can be isolated from various sources such as bone marrow, placenta, adipose tissue, teeth, and Wharton’s jelly, a gelatinous substance in the umbilical cord. The ease of their...
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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
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The hematopoietic stem cells or HSCs are multipotent, meaning they can differentiate and give rise to all blood and immune cells. HSCs are maintained in the quiescent stage until an external stimulus initiates their differentiation. The multipotent HSCs exist as two heterogeneous populations, long-term repopulating cells (LTRC) and short-term repopulating cells (STRC). The two HSC populations have different surface markers or receptors and are classified based on quiescence and long-term...
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Concise review: MicroRNA function in multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells.

Elizabeth A Clark, Stefanos Kalomoiris, Jan A Nolta

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    Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are vital for cellular therapies. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) critically regulate MSC functions, offering potential to enhance their therapeutic capabilities.

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    Area of Science:

    • Stem Cell Biology
    • Molecular Biology
    • Regenerative Medicine

    Background:

    • Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) possess ideal characteristics for cellular therapies, including simple isolation, expansion potential, and low immunogenicity.
    • MSCs are utilized in tissue repair via differentiation or secretion of therapeutic factors, influencing immune response and angiogenesis.
    • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key regulators of MSC differentiation, paracrine activity, proliferation, survival, and migration.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review the functions of over 60 different microRNAs (miRNAs) in mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs).
    • To emphasize miRNAs with demonstrated in vivo functions within MSCs.
    • To explore miRNAs with overlapping effects and discuss future research directions in MSC miRNA biology.

    Main Methods:

    • Comprehensive literature review of studies investigating miRNA functions in MSCs.
    • Analysis of miRNA expression profiles across different MSC origins, species, and detection methods.
    • Focus on in vivo studies and identification of miRNAs with common target genes.

    Main Results:

    • Over 60 distinct miRNAs have been identified to play critical roles in MSC biology.
    • Specific miRNAs consistently found across various MSC types influence key cellular processes.
    • Evidence of in vivo functionality and overlapping targets among regulatory miRNAs has been documented.

    Conclusions:

    • MicroRNA expression profiles in MSCs are diverse but certain miRNAs are consistently present.
    • Modulating specific miRNAs holds significant potential for enhancing the pro-regenerative and therapeutic efficacy of MSCs.
    • Further research into MSC miRNA biology is crucial for advancing cellular therapies.