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Related Concept Videos

Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
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Epigenetic Regulation01:46

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Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Pharmacogenetics of Drug Targets: β₂-Adrenergic Receptors, Apo E, Thymidylate Synthase01:11

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Genetic polymorphisms in drug targets have emerged as critical determinants of interindividual variability in drug response and toxicity. Pharmacogenomic investigations increasingly focus on identifying these variations to personalize and optimize therapeutic interventions. A drug target may be a receptor, enzyme, or signaling protein involved in pharmacologic responses or disease-related pathways. While early pharmacogenetic studies focused primarily on drug metabolism, current research...
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Mutations01:35

Mutations

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Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations can be characterized in a number of different ways: whether and how they alter the amino acid sequence of the protein, whether they occur over a small or large area of DNA, and whether they occur in somatic cells or germline cells.
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Gene-Environment Interactions01:20

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Gene expression is a dynamic process that is significantly influenced by environmental factors. This interaction underlies the complex nature of biological development and the phenotypic differences observed among individuals, even among those with identical genetic makeups. Factors such as radiation, temperature, behavior, nutrition, and stress play pivotal roles in determining how genes are expressed. The concept of the reaction range is central to understanding this interaction. It posits...
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DNA Distortion and Damage
Cells are regularly exposed to mutagens—factors in the environment that can damage DNA and generate mutations. UV radiation is one of the most common mutagens and is estimated to introduce a significant number of changes in DNA. These include bends or kinks in the structure, which can block DNA replication or transcription. If these errors are not fixed, the damage can cause mutations, which in turn can result in cancer or disease depending on which sequences are...
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Epigenetics in radiotherapy: where are we heading?

Kim M Smits1, Veerle Melotte2, Hanneke E C Niessen2

  • 1Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO), GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, The Netherlands.

Radiotherapy and Oncology : Journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology
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Epigenetic alterations are crucial in cancer radiotherapy response and recurrence prediction. Targeting these epigenetic changes with drugs shows promise for improving radiotherapy effectiveness.

Keywords:
DNA methylationEpigenetic biomarkersHistone modificationsHypoxiaRadiotherapy

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Epigenetics
  • Radiotherapy

Background:

  • Radiotherapy is a key cancer treatment, but predicting patient response and recurrence risk remains challenging.
  • Epigenetic alterations, while recognized for their importance, are under-explored as biomarkers in radiotherapy.
  • Radiotherapy may induce epigenetic changes, and these alterations are potentially reversible by drug intervention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on the role of epigenetics in radiotherapy.
  • To highlight the potential of epigenetic alterations as biomarkers for predicting radiotherapy outcomes.
  • To discuss the therapeutic implications of targeting epigenetic modifications in cancer treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on epigenetics and radiotherapy.
  • Analysis of in vitro, in vivo, and clinical trial data.
  • Synthesis of current understanding regarding epigenetic biomarkers and therapeutic strategies.

Main Results:

  • Epigenetic alterations are implicated in radiotherapy response and cancer recurrence.
  • Epigenetic modifications can be induced by radiotherapy itself.
  • Demethylating drugs and histone deacetylase inhibitors show potential in sensitizing tumors to radiotherapy.

Conclusions:

  • Epigenetic biomarkers are needed to guide clinical decisions in radiotherapy.
  • Targeting epigenetic alterations offers a promising strategy to enhance radiotherapy efficacy.
  • Further research into epigenetics can lead to improved anticancer therapies and radiotherapy sensitizers.