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Related Concept Videos

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia01:16

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia

Intravenous regional anesthesia or the Bier block technique is used to anesthetize a specific limb or extremity. It uses exsanguinated or blood-drained vessels to transport local anesthetics or LAs to the peripheral nerve trunks. Lidocaine without vasoconstrictors like epinephrine is most commonly used for this technique. Other drugs used are prilocaine, ropivacaine, and chloroprocaine. Bupivacaine is not recommended for this technique due to its high cardiac toxicity.
One of the advantages of...
Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
Sedatives and Hypnotics: Overview01:23

Sedatives and Hypnotics: Overview

Sedatives are drugs that alleviate anxiety, while hypnotics induce sleep. Both classes of medication suppress neuronal activity, leading to a calming effect for sedatives and facilitating sleep for hypnotics.
Sedative-hypnotics are categorized into barbiturates, benzodiazepines (BZDs), and non-benzodiazepines or Z-drugs. These drugs work by suppressing central nervous system activity, and this suppression is dose-dependent. Older sedative medications, like barbiturates, follow a linear curve in...
Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Barbiturates01:20

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Barbiturates

Sedatives and hypnotics encompass a drug class that acts on the central nervous system (CNS) to alleviate anxiety, promote relaxation and induce sleep.These drugs function by amplifying the actions of the neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), resulting in reduced neuronal activity. Barbiturates, a subset of sedatives and hypnotics first synthesized in the late 1800s, are categorized into ultra-short, short, intermediate, and long-acting groups based on their duration of effect. A key...
Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Miscellaneous Agents01:17

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Miscellaneous Agents

Sedatives and hypnotics encompass a wide range of substances, each with its unique mechanism of action, uses, and potential adverse effects.
Melatonin congeners like ramelteon (Rozerem) and tasimelteon (Hetlioz) selectively bind to melatonin receptors (MT1 and MT2) and thus mimic the actions of melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles. Tasimelteon is primarily used for non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder, common in blind patients. They are also used to treat conditions like insomnia...
Depressants01:28

Depressants

Depressant drugs, including alcohol and sedative-hypnotics, diminish central nervous system activity by enhancing the action of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a neurotransmitter that reduces brain activity and promotes relaxation. These substances can have various therapeutic uses but also pose significant risks, especially when misused or combined.
Alcohol is a common depressant that can induce a sense of relaxation and reduced inhibition at low doses. Contrary to its occasional...

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A Protocol for Measuring Cue Reactivity in a Rat Model of Cocaine Use Disorder
07:51

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Published on: June 18, 2018

Ketamine - reves et realites.

J Arditti1, M Spadari, L de Haro

  • 1Tel : 04 91 74 50 19, Adresse : Hôpital Salvator. Laboratoire de Toxicologie - Centre antipoison - 249 boulevard de Sainte Marguerite - 13009 Marseille.

Acta Clinica Belgica
|May 28, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Ketamine, an anesthetic, is increasingly used recreationally, leading to dissociative effects and potential long-term dependence. Its illicit sale and use are subject to strict controls in France due to health risks.

Keywords:
Ketamine,déviation d’usage,hallucinogènesrave-party,

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Toxicology
  • Drug Policy

Background:

  • Ketamine, synthesized in 1962 and marketed in 1970, is an anesthetic used in human and veterinary medicine.
  • Recreational ketamine use emerged in the 1990s, with street names like 'Special K' and 'Keta K'.
  • Ketamine is an aryl cyclohexylamine, structurally related to phencyclidine.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of ketamine's synthesis, historical context, and pharmacological effects.
  • To detail the routes of administration and subjective experiences associated with recreational ketamine use.
  • To outline the legal and regulatory controls implemented in France for ketamine and its salts.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of ketamine's synthesis, historical use, and reported effects.
  • Analysis of recreational use patterns, including administration routes and street names.
  • Examination of French legislation concerning the control of ketamine and its trademarks.

Main Results:

  • Ketamine is synthesized industrially and illicitly distributed for recreational purposes due to complex synthesis.
  • Recreational use involves intranasal, oral, and intramuscular administration, inducing dissociative and psychedelic effects.
  • Long-term ketamine exposure can lead to tolerance, dependence, withdrawal, and flashbacks.
  • French legislation controls ketamine as a narcotic and psychotropic substance, with mandatory reporting of trademark theft since 2001.

Conclusions:

  • Ketamine's dual use as a medical anesthetic and illicit recreational drug presents significant public health challenges.
  • The dissociative effects and potential for dependence necessitate strict regulatory oversight and control.
  • France employs comprehensive legal measures to manage ketamine's availability and prevent its misuse.