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Related Concept Videos

Esophageal Achalasia01:27

Esophageal Achalasia

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Esophageal achalasia is a chronic neurogenic disorder characterized by impaired relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) and absent or ineffective peristalsis in the distal esophagus. This leads to a functional obstruction without a physical blockage, despite significant disruption of esophageal motility.EtiologyAchalasia is caused by degeneration of the myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus, specifically the loss of inhibitory ganglion cells that produce vasoactive intestinal peptide...
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Peptic Ulcer Disease IV: Management01:26

Peptic Ulcer Disease IV: Management

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Medical treatment strategies for peptic ulcers encompass various methods. The primary goal of treatment is to diminish gastric acidity and strengthen mucosal defense mechanisms.
The therapeutic approach involves ensuring adequate rest, implementing drug therapy, promoting smoking cessation, making dietary modifications, and emphasizing long-term follow-up care.
Pharmacological management
The prevailing therapy for peptic ulcers involves a combination of managing the patient's current...
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Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease01:25

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

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Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is the backward flow of stomach contents (acid, pepsin, or bile) into the esophagus, causing mucosal inflammation known as esophagitis. It results from failure of antireflux mechanisms, mainly the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), influenced by mechanical and physiological factors.Etiology and Risk FactorsGERD develops when LES function is weakened or when intra-abdominal pressure increases. Risk factors include aging, obesity, and sliding hiatal hernia,...
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Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease II: Clinical Features and Management01:29

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease II: Clinical Features and Management

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Gastroesophageal reflux disease, or GERD, is a persistent medical condition that affects many individuals worldwide. Its clinical manifestations can vary greatly, making diagnosis and management challenging for healthcare professionals. The following is a comprehensive overview of the clinical manifestations, assessment, and management strategies for GERD.
Clinical Manifestations
GERD presents itself in a multitude of ways, with symptoms varying from person to person. The hallmark symptoms are...
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Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease I: Meaning and Pathophysiology01:29

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease I: Meaning and Pathophysiology

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Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) involves the recurrent backflow of the stomach or duodenal contents into the esophagus, leading to troublesome symptoms and potential esophageal mucosal damage. Although GERD is often referred to as a disease, it is more accurately described as a syndrome, as it encompasses a range of symptoms and complications rather than a singular pathological entity, impacting a large number of individuals as the most prevalent upper gastrointestinal problem. Roughly...
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Barrett Esophagus-II: Clinical Manifestations and Management01:21

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Individuals with Barrett's esophagus are often asymptomatic, but they may experience symptoms commonly associated with GERD, such as heartburn and acid regurgitation. Additional symptoms can include difficulty swallowing, chest pain, unintentional weight loss, blood in the stool (which may appear black, tarry, or bloody), and episodes of vomiting.
To diagnose Barrett's esophagus, healthcare providers often recommend an endoscopy for those showing symptoms of acid reflux. The procedure...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 29, 2026

Retroductal Submandibular Gland Instillation and Localized Fractionated Irradiation in a Rat Model of Salivary Hypofunction
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Xerostomia.

Konstantina Delli1, Fred K L Spijkervet, Frans G M Kroese

  • 1Departments of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.

Monographs in Oral Science
|May 28, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Xerostomia, or dry mouth, is often caused by Sjögren

Area of Science:

  • Oral Medicine
  • Autoimmunology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Xerostomia, the subjective sensation of oral dryness, presents significant challenges in patient care.
  • Key etiologies include Sjögren's syndrome (SS), medication side effects, and head and neck radiotherapy.
  • Sjögren's syndrome is a chronic autoimmune condition targeting exocrine glands, particularly salivary and lacrimal glands.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the pathogenesis of xerostomia.
  • To explore the link between Sjögren's syndrome and B cell lymphoma.
  • To investigate the impact of medications and radiotherapy on salivary function.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on xerostomia causes and mechanisms.
  • Analysis of pathogenic pathways in Sjögren's syndrome.

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  • Examination of drug-induced salivary dysfunction and radiotherapy effects on salivary glands.

    • Main Results:

    • Sjögren's syndrome involves B-cell hyperactivity and T-cell infiltration of glandular tissues.
    • Approximately 7.5% of SS patients develop B-cell lymphomas, primarily mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphomas.
    • Medications can alter salivary gland function by affecting neurotransmitters, reducing fluid production, and changing salivary composition.
    • Head and neck radiotherapy causes progressive salivary gland dysfunction and reduced salivary output.

    Conclusions:

    • Understanding xerostomia's diverse causes is crucial for effective management.
    • The association between SS and lymphoma necessitates vigilant monitoring.
    • Advanced radiotherapy techniques minimizing salivary gland radiation exposure can preserve salivary function.