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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 29, 2026

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Nicotine concentrations in electronic cigarette refill and do-it-yourself fluids.

Barbara Davis1, Michael Dang2, Jisoo Kim2

  • 1Cell Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA; Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, CA.

Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco
|May 28, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Nicotine concentration labeling on e-cigarette refill liquids is frequently inaccurate, with many products exceeding labeled amounts. While some improvements were noted from one company, quality control is needed for consumer safety.

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Public Health
  • Consumer Product Safety

Background:

  • Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are battery-powered devices that deliver inhaled doses of vaporized liquid.
  • E-cigarette refill liquids, also known as e-liquids or vape juices, contain varying concentrations of nicotine.
  • Accurate labeling of nicotine concentration is crucial for consumer safety and informed product selection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the accuracy of nicotine concentration labeling on commercially available e-cigarette refill products.
  • To compare quantified nicotine levels with manufacturer-stated concentrations.
  • To evaluate consistency and potential safety concerns in e-liquid products.

Main Methods:

  • Quantified nicotine concentrations in 71 e-cigarette refill fluids and 1 do-it-yourself (DIY) product using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
  • Compared quantified nicotine levels against manufacturer-labeled concentrations.
  • Assessed duplicate products for nicotine concentration and fluid coloration consistency.

Main Results:

  • 35 of 54 nicotine-containing fluids deviated by over ±10% from labeled values; 46 of 50 exceeded labeled concentrations.
  • E-liquids labeled as 0 nicotine contained no detectable nicotine.
  • Two unlabeled products contained over 100mg/ml nicotine, potentially for DIY use.
  • Significant variability in nicotine concentration and coloration was observed in duplicate products.

Conclusions:

  • Nicotine concentration labeling on e-cigarette refill products is often inaccurate.
  • Recent products from one company demonstrated improved labeling accuracy.
  • Establishing manufacturing and labeling quality control guidelines is essential for refill fluid and DIY product safety.
  • Longitudinal product monitoring is necessary to ensure ongoing safety and accuracy.