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Properties of Transition Metals02:58

Properties of Transition Metals

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Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
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Theory of Metallic Conduction01:17

Theory of Metallic Conduction

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The conduction of free electrons inside a conductor is best described by quantum mechanics. However, a classical model makes predictions close to the results of quantum mechanics. It is called the theory of metallic conduction.
In this theory, Newton's second law of motion is used to determine the acceleration of an electron in the presence of an applied electric field. Then, its velocity is expressed via this acceleration.
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Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Drüde called the “Electron Sea Model”. 
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A superconductor is a substance that offers zero resistance to the electric current when it drops below a critical temperature. Zero resistance is not the only interesting phenomenon as materials reach their transition temperatures. A second effect is the exclusion of magnetic fields. This is known as the Meissner effect. A light, permanent magnet placed over a superconducting sample will levitate in a stable position above the superconductor. High-speed trains that levitate on strong...
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Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
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Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Tuning Oxide Properties by Oxygen Vacancy Control During Growth and Annealing
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A metallic room-temperature oxide ion conductor.

Martin Heise1, Bertold Rasche, Anna Isaeva

  • 1Fachrichtung Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden (Germany).

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|May 29, 2014
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Summary

Bismuth iridium nanoparticles activate oxygen at room temperature, reversibly forming a metallic suboxide. This novel material exhibits exceptionally low activation energy for oxide diffusion, enabling room-temperature ionic conductivity.

Keywords:
intermetallic phasesion conductorsmetastable compoundssubvalent compoundstopochemistry

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Solid-State Chemistry
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Developing materials that can reversibly store oxygen is crucial for various chemical applications.
  • Metallic conductors that also exhibit ionic conductivity are rare, especially at room temperature.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize nanoparticles of bismuth iridium (Bi3Ir) capable of oxygen activation and intercalation.
  • To investigate the structural and electronic properties of the resulting bismuth iridium suboxide (Bi3IrOx).
  • To determine the kinetics and energetics of oxide ion diffusion in the novel material.

Main Methods:

  • Microwave-assisted polyol synthesis for nanoparticle fabrication.
  • X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy for structural analysis.
  • Quantum-chemical modeling for electronic structure investigation.
  • Time- and temperature-dependent oxygen uptake measurements.

Main Results:

  • Bi3Ir nanoparticles were successfully synthesized and demonstrated the ability to activate molecular oxygen from air at room temperature.
  • A metallic suboxide, Bi3IrOx (x≤2), was formed with preserved intermetallic building units.
  • The activation energy for oxide ion diffusion was found to be exceptionally low (84 meV), an order of magnitude lower than known materials.
  • Bi3IrOx was identified as the first metallic oxide ion conductor operating at room temperature.

Conclusions:

  • Bi3Ir nanoparticles offer a novel pathway for room-temperature oxygen activation and intercalation.
  • The resulting Bi3IrOx material represents a breakthrough in metallic oxide ion conduction, functioning efficiently at ambient temperatures.
  • The low activation energy for oxide diffusion suggests potential for advanced electrochemical applications.