Surface organic monolayers control the hygroscopic growth of submicrometer particles at high relative humidity

Although many organic molecules commonly found in the atmosphere are known to be surface-active in macroscopic aqueous solutions, the impact of surface partitioning of organic molecules to a microscopic aqueous droplet interface remains unclear. Here we measure the droplet size formed, at a relative humidity (∼99.9%) just below saturation, on submicrometer particles containing an ammonium sulfate core and an organic layer of a model compound of varying thickness. The 12 model organic compounds are a series of dicarboxylic acids (C3 to C10), cis-pinonic, oleic, lauric, and myristic acids, which represent a broad range in solubility from miscible (malonic acid) to insoluble. The variation in droplet size with increasing organic aerosol fraction cannot be explained by assuming the organic material is dissolved in the bulk droplet. Instead, the wet droplet diameters exhibit a complex and nonlinear dependence on organic aerosol volume fraction, leading to hygroscopic growth that is in some cases smaller and in others larger than that predicted by bulk solubility alone. For palmitic and stearic acid, small droplets at or below the detection limit of the instrument are observed, indicating significant kinetic limitations for water uptake, which are consistent with mass accommodation coefficients on the order of 10(-4). A model based on the two-dimensional van der Waals equation of state is used to explain the complex droplet growth with organic aerosol fraction and dry diameter. The model suggests that mono- and dicarboxylic acids with limited water solubility partition to the droplet surface and reduce surface tension only after a two-dimensional condensed monolayer is formed. Two relatively soluble compounds, malonic and glutaric acid, also appear to form surface phases, which increase hygroscopicity. There is a clear alternation in the threshold for droplet growth observed for odd and even carbon number diacids, which is explained in the model by differences in the excluded molecular areas of even (∼40 Å(2)/molecule) and odd (∼20 Å(2)/molecule) diacids. These differences are consistent with the odd diacids arranged at the droplet interface in "end-to-end" configurations with only one acid group in contact with the aqueous phase, which is in contrast to even carbon numbered diacids forming "folded" films with both acid groups in contact with the bulk phase. Organic matter produced by the ozonolysis of α-pinene forms surface films that exhibit similar behavior and become thinner with oxidation, allowing for greater water uptake. These results reveal a new and complex relationship between the composition of an organic aerosol and its hygroscopicity, suggesting that organic surface films might strongly influence cloud droplet formation as well as the multiphase chemistry of organic aerosols.