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Related Concept Videos

Muscles of the Abdomen01:21

Muscles of the Abdomen

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The abdominal wall encircles the abdominal cavity, providing flexible protection and shielding the internal organs from harm. It is bordered at the top by the xiphoid process and costal margins, at the back by the vertebral column, and at the bottom by the pelvic bones and inguinal ligament. The abdominal wall is divided into two regions — the anterolateral and posterior regions.
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The back muscles that lie deep into the thoracolumbar fascia are called intrinsic or true back muscles. These muscles are divided into four layers: superficial, intermediate, deep, and deepest layers.
Superficial Layer:
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The thorax muscles are central to the body's respiration and provide essential support and movement for the upper body. They are intricately designed to facilitate the complex breathing process while also contributing to the structural integrity and mobility of the chest and upper limbs.
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The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
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Skeletal muscles, the key players in our body's movement, can be classified into two groups based on their location and function: axial muscles and appendicular muscles. These classifications reflect the primary roles the muscles play in the body's structure and movement.
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The Role of Accessory Muscles in the Respiratory System
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Updated: Apr 29, 2026

Muscle Function Obtained with Motion Mode Ultrasound and Surface Electromyography during Core Endurance Exercise
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Maximum expiration activates the abdominal muscles during side bridge exercise.

Hiroshi Ishida1, Susumu Watanabe1

  • 1Department of Rehabilitation, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, Kurashiki, Japan.

Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation
|May 29, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Maximum expiration significantly increased abdominal muscle activity during side bridge exercises compared to resting expiration. This finding enhances understanding of core training and therapeutic exercise effectiveness.

Keywords:
Electromyographyabdominal musclesstabilizing exercise

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Area of Science:

  • Exercise Physiology
  • Biomechanics
  • Rehabilitation Science

Background:

  • Maximum expiration may enhance deep and superficial abdominal muscle coactivation during exercise.
  • Limited research exists on maximum expiration's impact on abdominal muscle activity during lumbar stabilization exercises.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify abdominal muscle activity changes during side bridge exercise with maximum expiration.

Main Methods:

  • Electromyography measured rectus abdominis, external oblique, and internal oblique muscle activity.
  • 12 healthy men performed breathing tasks during prone and side bridge exercises.

Main Results:

  • Maximum expiration significantly increased rectus abdominis, external oblique, and internal oblique activity during side bridge exercise compared to resting expiration (P < 0.05).

Conclusions:

  • This study is the first to show maximum expiration's effect on abdominal muscles during stabilizing exercises.
  • Findings contribute to knowledge on alternative core training and therapeutic exercise strategies.