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Related Concept Videos

Electrodes: Overview01:17

Electrodes: Overview

2.3K
 Electrochemical measurements are conducted in an electrochemical cell composed of various components that control and measure the current and potential. One fundamental component is electrodes, conductive materials that enable electron transfer reactions at their surfaces.
There are two main types of electrodes in electrochemical cells. The first type, known as the working or indicator electrode, has a potential that is sensitive to the analyte's concentration and reacts to changes in...
2.3K
Potentiometry: Types of Electrodes01:19

Potentiometry: Types of Electrodes

2.4K
Reference electrodes serve as a stable reference point for potentiometric measurements, while indicator and working electrodes react to variations in the composition of a solution.
The Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE) is a widely used reference electrode that maintains zero potential across all temperatures. However, its need for a continuous hydrogen gas supply renders it impractical for everyday use.
An alternative to SHE is the Saturated Calomel Electrode (SCE). This electrode features an...
2.4K
Electrodeposition01:08

Electrodeposition

2.7K
Electrodeposition is a technique used to separate an analyte from interferents by electrochemical processes. Here, the analyte is a metal ion that can be deposited on an electrode immersed in the sample solution. The electrochemical setup consists of an anode and a cathode. When an electric current is applied to the setup, oxidation occurs at the anode. At the cathode, which consists of a large metal surface, metal ions undergo reduction and deposit onto the surface.
Electrodeposition can...
2.7K
The Cochlea01:13

The Cochlea

41.0K
The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
41.0K
Hair Cells01:22

Hair Cells

36.1K
Hair cells are the sensory receptors of the auditory system—they transduce mechanical sound waves into electrical energy that the nervous system can understand. Hair cells are located in the organ of Corti within the cochlea of the inner ear, between the basilar and tectorial membranes. The actual sensory receptors are called inner hair cells. The outer hair cells serve other functions, such as sound amplification in the cochlea, and are not discussed in detail here.
36.1K
Potentiometry: Membrane Electrodes01:15

Potentiometry: Membrane Electrodes

2.2K
Membrane electrodes, also known as p-ion electrodes, use membranes that selectively interact with free analyte ions, generating a potential difference across the membrane. The resulting membrane potential, known as the asymmetry potential, is not zero even when analyte concentrations on both sides of the membrane are equal. The membrane's response is typically not selective to a single analyte but proportional to the concentration of all ions in the sample solution capable of interacting at...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 29, 2026

The Miniature Pig: A Large Animal Model for Cochlear Implant Research
06:16

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Cochlear's unique electrode portfolio now and in the future.

E von Wallenberg, R Briggs

    Cochlear Implants International
    |May 30, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary

    Cochlear’s electrode arrays show improved hearing outcomes with modiolus proximity. The Hybrid L24 array offered the best hearing preservation, with high implant reliability supporting future electrode designs.

    Area of Science:

    • Otolaryngology
    • Biomedical Engineering
    • Neuroscience

    Background:

    • Cochlear implant electrode design aims to optimize auditory nerve stimulation.
    • Straight and perimodiolar electrode arrays have different approaches to cochlear insertion.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review Cochlear's electrode portfolio, comparing straight and perimodiolar arrays.
    • To assess implant reliability and hearing preservation outcomes.
    • To inform the design of next-generation cochlear electrodes.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of performance and hearing preservation data from studies.
    • Inclusion of data from Slim Straight (CI422), Hybrid L24, and Contour Advance electrode arrays.

    Main Results:

    Keywords:
    Cochlear implantElectrode designPerimodiolar position

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    • Recent studies link modiolus proximity to better performance outcomes.
    • Hybrid L24 showed the lowest hearing threshold increase, followed by the slim straight array.
    • The CI24RE receiver-stimulator demonstrated 99% cumulative survival at eight years.

    Conclusions:

    • Future Cochlear electrodes aim to combine slim straight array hearing preservation with perimodiolar proximity.
    • Modiolus proximity is a key factor for enhanced cochlear implant performance.