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Related Concept Videos

Biofuels01:25

Biofuels

107
The microbial conversion of organic matter into biofuels holds potential as a renewable energy source. Among biofuel sources, microalgae are recognized as a highly efficient and adaptable feedstock for biodiesel production, owing to their rapid biomass accumulation, elevated lipid productivity, and capacity to proliferate in diverse aquatic systems, including freshwater, marine, and wastewater habitats. Unlike terrestrial crops, microalgae do not compete for land and can achieve significantly...
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Turnover Number and Catalytic Efficiency01:19

Turnover Number and Catalytic Efficiency

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The turnover number of an enzyme is the maximum number of substrate molecules it can transform per unit time. Turnover numbers for most enzymes range from 1 to 1000 molecules per second. Catalase has the known highest turnover number, capable of converting up to 2.8×106 molecules of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen per second. Lysozyme has the lowest known turnover number of half a molecule per second.
Chymotrypsin is a pancreatic enzyme that breaks down proteins during digestion....
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Combustion Energy: A Measure of Stability in Alkanes and Cycloalkanes02:14

Combustion Energy: A Measure of Stability in Alkanes and Cycloalkanes

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The low reactivity in alkanes can be attributed to the non-polar nature of C–C and C–H σ bonds. Alkanes, therefore, were  initially termed as “paraffins,” derived from the Latin words: parum, meaning “too little,” and affinis, meaning “affinity.”
Alkanes undergo combustion in the presence of excess oxygen and high-temperature conditions to give carbon dioxide and water. A combustion reaction is the energy source in natural gas, liquified...
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Standard Enthalpy of Formation02:37

Standard Enthalpy of Formation

40.1K
Enthalpy changes are typically tabulated for reactions in which both the reactants and products are at the same conditions. A standard state is a commonly accepted set of conditions used as a reference point for the determination of properties under other different conditions. For chemists, the IUPAC standard state refers to materials under a pressure of 1 bar and solutions at 1 M and does not specify a temperature. Many thermochemical tables list values with a standard state of 1 atm. Because...
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Laboratory Production of Biofuels and Biochemicals from a Rapeseed Oil through Catalytic Cracking Conversion
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U.S. refinery efficiency: impacts analysis and implications for fuel carbon policy implementation.

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  • 1Sasol Synfuels International , 900 Threadneedle, Suite 100, Houston, Texas 77079-2990, United States.

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U.S. refineries face challenges from changing domestic oil and fuel demands. Optimizing refinery efficiency requires considering crude oil quality, regional factors, and potentially Gas to Liquids (GTL) diesel blending.

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Area of Science:

  • Petroleum Engineering
  • Energy Economics
  • Process Optimization

Background:

  • The U.S. refining industry is undergoing significant transformation due to evolving domestic petroleum energy landscapes.
  • Shifts in crude oil quality (tight light oil) and demand for gasoline and diesel present challenges to meeting market needs.
  • Current refinery operations and efficiencies are based on historical data and may not reflect future demands.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the impact of domestic crude oil and shifting fuel demands on U.S. refinery, process unit, and product efficiencies.
  • To identify key parameters influencing refinery efficiency, such as crude quality, regional factors, and refinery complexity.
  • To evaluate strategies for maintaining or improving refinery efficiency in response to future market requirements.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Linear Programming (LP) modeling to assess efficiency impacts.
  • Focused on baseline efficiency values from 43 large, operational U.S. refineries.
  • Examined the dynamic relationships between efficiency and variables like crude API gravity, sulfur content, and refinery configuration.

Main Results:

  • Refinery and product efficiencies are sensitive to crude oil characteristics, seasonality, region, and refinery complexity.
  • Processing more domestic light oil may offer marginal efficiency gains, potentially offset by crude rebalancing needs.
  • Diesel production efficiency is highly variable and could decrease as refiners shift to meet lower gasoline/diesel ratios.

Conclusions:

  • Reducing the gasoline/diesel production ratio may lead to less efficient diesel production pathways.
  • Blending Gas to Liquids (GTL) diesel offers a potential strategy to improve diesel production efficiency without new capital investment.
  • Accurate determination of refinery and product efficiencies is crucial for evaluating transportation fuel greenhouse gas (GHG) policy objectives.