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Host ecotype generates evolutionary and epidemiological divergence across a pathogen metapopulation.

Anna-Liisa Laine1, Jeremy J Burdon2, Adnane Nemri2

  • 1Metapopulation Research Group, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, Helsinki 00014, Finland anna-liisa.laine@helsinki.fi.

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Pathogen evolution is complex. This study shows environmental variation, not just distance, drives pathogen adaptation to distinct host ecotypes, impacting infection risks.

Keywords:
Linum–Melampsora interactioncoevolutiongenotype-by-environment interactionshost–parasite interactionslocal adaptation

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Plant pathology
  • Ecology

Background:

  • Pathogen adaptation to host resistance is variable, complicating predictions of pathogen evolution.
  • Gene flow and environmental heterogeneity influence pathogen evolutionary potential, but their combined effects on host-pathogen coevolution are poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how environmental variation and spatial structure jointly shape coevolutionary dynamics.
  • To test for local adaptation in the rust pathogen Melampsora lini to distinct host ecotypes of Linum marginale.

Main Methods:

  • Reciprocal inoculation experiments to assess pathogen adaptation.
  • Analysis of pathogen population genetic structure using sequence data from infectivity loci.

Main Results:

  • Within-population epidemics differed between host ecotypes and their habitats.
  • Strong evidence of pathogen adaptation at the host ecotype level, independent of spatial structure.
  • Genetic differentiation in pathogen infectivity loci was strongly correlated with host ecotype, but not geographical distance.

Conclusions:

  • Environmental variation is a primary driver of pathogen population genetic structure and coevolutionary dynamics.
  • Host ecotype-level adaptation can create spatial asymmetry in infection risks, influencing host-pathogen interactions.