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Cold-activated brown adipose tissue in human adults: methodological issues.

Anouk A J J van der Lans, Roel Wierts, Maarten J Vosselman

    American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology
    |May 30, 2014
    PubMed
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    Functional brown adipose tissue (BAT) in adults is best studied using individualized cooling protocols. This method, combined with [18F]FDG-PET/CT imaging, reveals maximal nonshivering thermogenesis and nearly 100% BAT prevalence.

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    Area of Science:

    • Metabolism and Endocrinology
    • Thermogenesis Research
    • Medical Imaging

    Background:

    • Functional brown adipose tissue (BAT) in adult humans has been established as relevant.
    • Recent research focuses on cold-induced BAT activity and its quantification.
    • Understanding BAT's role in energy expenditure is crucial for metabolic health.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review studies on cold-induced BAT activity in adults published since the initial proof of its relevance.
    • To provide an overview of different cooling protocols and imaging techniques for assessing BAT activity.
    • To discuss challenges and potential solutions in quantifying BAT activity.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of published studies on cold-induced BAT activity in adult humans.
    • Analysis of various cooling protocols (air, water, individualized) and their effectiveness.
    • Evaluation of imaging techniques, primarily [18F]FDG-PET/CT (dynamic and static), and other methods like MRI and thermography.

    Main Results:

    • Individualized cooling protocols reveal maximal nonshivering thermogenesis and the highest BAT prevalence (near 100%).
    • [18F]FDG-PET/CT is the most common method for studying BAT metabolic activity, with dynamic imaging offering quantitative glucose uptake rates.
    • Challenges in comparing BAT activity include limited PET spatial resolution, variable SUV thresholds, and difficulties in comparing uptake across tissues or baseline values.

    Conclusions:

    • Individualized cooling is optimal for assessing maximal BAT activity and prevalence.
    • Standardization of [18F]FDG-PET/CT imaging protocols and analysis methods (e.g., fixed volume) is needed for reliable comparisons.
    • Further research into noninvasive imaging techniques like MRI and thermography is warranted for BAT quantification.