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Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology

Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology

Cortisol production is normally governed by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, which maintains hormonal balance through tightly regulated feedback mechanisms. Disruption of this regulatory system is central to the development of Cushing syndrome, whether the excess cortisol originates from external medications or internal pathology. Persistent cortisol elevation alters metabolism, immune function, and endocrine signaling, producing the characteristic clinical features...

Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction

Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction

Cushing syndrome refers to the collection of clinical manifestations that arise when tissues are exposed to excessive amounts of cortisol or cortisol-like medications over an extended period. Cortisol, a glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex, regulates metabolism, immune responses, and the body’s adaptation to stress. When its concentration remains chronically elevated, these physiological pathways become dysregulated, resulting in the characteristic features of the...

Adrenal Gland Disorders

Adrenal Gland Disorders

Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
Adrenal insufficiency, characterized by insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production, leads to conditions like Addison's disease. This disorder, affecting the adrenal cortex, exhibits symptoms such as skin bronzing, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, and weight loss. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a genetic ailment causing...

Other Pulmonary Disorders

Other Pulmonary Disorders

Respiratory disorders encompass a range of conditions with varying levels of severity. Asthma, marked by chronic airway inflammation and hypersensitivity, is one such condition. It can lead to airway obstruction due to factors like bronchial spasms, mucosal edema, increased mucus secretion, or epithelial damage. Asthma triggers are diverse, ranging from allergens to emotional upset, and treatment focuses on both immediate relief through bronchodilators and long-term inflammation suppression.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease III: Chronic Bronchitis Features

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease III: Chronic Bronchitis Features

Chronic bronchitis is a key phenotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), characterized by airway-centered inflammation and mucus overproduction. It develops from long-term exposure to harmful particles or gases, most commonly cigarette smoke, which triggers a persistent inflammatory response.Cellular and Structural ChangesInflammation initially affects the large bronchi and later the smaller airways, with infiltration by immune cells, including neutrophils, macrophages, and...

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-II: Pathophysiology

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-II: Pathophysiology

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) pathophysiology is intricate and multifaceted, involving a complex interplay of physiological processes. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for effectively managing and treating COPD. Here is an in-depth look at the critical elements in the pathophysiology of COPD:
Chronic Inflammation

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 28, 2026

A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling

A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling

Published on: September 15, 2017

[Bronchopulmonary ACTH-producing tumors].

M Iu Pikunov, N S Kuznetsov, N V Latkina

|May 31, 2014

Summary

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-producing neuroendocrine tumors in the lungs can cause significant health issues. Early diagnosis and surgical intervention are crucial for improving patient outcomes and survival rates.

Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Oncology
Pulmonology

Context:

Neuroendocrine tumors can secrete hormones and vasoactive peptides, leading to organ damage.
Accurate localization of ACTH-producing tumors is diagnostically challenging.
Bronchopulmonary carcinoids, though often indolent, carry metastatic potential.

Purpose:

To review the current diagnostic and surgical treatment strategies for ACTH-producing tumors in the bronchopulmonary system.
To provide a comprehensive overview of the historical context, clinical manifestations, and diagnostic methods.
To outline the principles guiding surgical management of these tumors.

Summary:

ACTH-producing neuroendocrine tumors, particularly bronchopulmonary carcinoids, present diagnostic challenges.

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Last Updated: Apr 28, 2026

A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling

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Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas

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Published on: January 17, 2018

Bronchial Thermoplasty: A Novel Therapeutic Approach to Severe Asthma

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Published on: November 4, 2010

Clinical symptoms arise from hormonal excess, necessitating thorough instrumental and biochemical evaluation.

Surgical treatment is a key modality, aiming to improve quality of life and extend survival.

Impact:

Highlights the importance of timely diagnosis and intervention for ACTH-producing lung tumors.
Emphasizes the role of surgical treatment in managing bronchopulmonary neuroendocrine tumors.
Aims to enhance clinical decision-making for these complex cases.