The osteoblast to osteocyte transition: epigenetic changes and response to the vitamin D3 hormone

Osteocytes are derived from osteoblast lineage cells that become progressively embedded in mineralized bone. Development of the osteocytogenic cell line IDG-SW3 has enabled a temporal and mechanistic investigation of this process. Through RNA-sequencing analyses, we show that although substantial changes in gene expression occur during the osteoblast to osteocyte transition, the majority of the transcriptome remains qualitatively osteoblast like. Genes either up-regulated or expressed uniquely in the osteocyte include local and systemic factors such as Sost and Fgf23 as well as genes implicated in neuronal, muscle, vascular, or regulatory function. As assessed by chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled to high-throughput sequencing, numerous changes in epigenetic histone modifications also occur during osteocytogenesis; these are largely qualitative rather than quantitative. Specific epigenetic changes correlate with altered gene expression patterns that are observed during the transition. These genomic changes likely influence the highly restricted transcriptomic response to 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) that occurs during differentiation. VDR binding in osteocytes revealed an extensive cistrome co-occupied by retinoid X receptor and located predominantly at sites distal to regulated genes. Although sites of VDR binding were apparent near many 1,25(OH)(2)D(3)-regulated genes, the expression of others adjacent to VDR-binding sites were unaffected; lack of VDR binding was particularly prevalent at down-regulated genes. Interestingly, 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) was found to induce the Boc and Cdon coreceptors that are active in hedgehog signaling in osteocytes. We conclude that osteocytogenesis is accompanied by changes in gene expression that may be driven by both genetic and epigenetic components. These changes are likely responsible for the osteocyte phenotype and may contribute to reduced sensitivity to 1,25(OH)(2)D(3).