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Related Concept Videos

Impulse01:13

Impulse

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According to Newton’s second law of motion, the rate of change of the momentum of an object is the net external force acting on it. The total change in momentum between two timepoints thus depends on both the external force acting on it and the time over which it acts. Describing this mathematically, the total change of an object’s motion is proportional to the force vector and the time over which it is applied. This product is called impulse.
Additionally, it can be shown that the...
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Impact01:30

Impact

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Impact occurs when two bodies collide, leading to the application of impulsive forces between them. Analyzing impact mechanics involves considering two colliding particles moving along a line known as the line of impact, which passes through their centers and is perpendicular to the contact plane.
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Precipitation Processes01:12

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The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
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Introduction to force01:25

Introduction to force

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Consider water flowing from a nozzle to a turbine vane. As the water hits the turbine vane, it exerts a force that causes it to move along the flow of direction. Force is an impact that changes an object's motion, shape, or orientation. Forces can be caused by physical contact, such as a push or pull, or through non-contact interactions, such as magnetic or gravitational forces. Force is a vector quantity with both magnitude and direction, and is measured in newtons (N) in the SI unit...
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Precipitation and Co-precipitation01:17

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Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...
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Impact Loading01:19

Impact Loading

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Impact loading occurs when a moving object collides with a stationary structure, such as a rod with a uniform cross-sectional area fixed at one end. Under these conditions, the rod absorbs the kinetic energy from the striking object, leading to deformation and subsequent stress development. As the rod returns to its original position and reaches maximum stress, the absorbed energy, initially manifested as kinetic energy, transforms entirely into strain energy.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 28, 2026

Impacts of Free-falling Spheres on a Deep Liquid Pool with Altered Fluid and Impactor Surface Conditions
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The force of impacting rain.

Dan Soto1, Aurélie Borel De Larivière, Xavier Boutillon

  • 1Physique et Mécanique des Milieux Hétérogènes, UMR 7636 du CNRS, ESPCI, 75005 Paris, France.

Soft Matter
|June 1, 2014
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Summary

A falling drop can generate impact forces thousands of times its weight. This study quantifies this force amplification, considering factors like drop size and impact speed, and proposes methods to measure raindrop size from impact forces.

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Area of Science:

  • Fluid dynamics
  • Physics of impacts
  • Surface science

Background:

  • Characterizing transient, non-stationary drop impacts is challenging.
  • Impact forces are crucial for understanding effects on various surfaces like soil, plants, and structures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify the force amplification during millimetric drop impacts.
  • To investigate the influence of natural parameters on impact forces.
  • To propose methods for deducing raindrop size from impact forces.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental measurement of impact forces.
  • Analysis of parameters including drop radius, density, impact speed, and substrate response time.

Main Results:

  • Millimetric drops can generate collision forces significantly exceeding their own weight (up to a thousand times).
  • Force amplification is dependent on drop characteristics and impact conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Drop impacts exhibit significant force amplification.
  • Understanding these forces is vital for predicting environmental and material interactions.
  • Novel devices can potentially determine raindrop size based on measured impact forces.