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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 28, 2026

Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm

Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm

Published on: April 28, 2016

Visual recognition memory enhancement in children through differential outcomes.

Laura Esteban¹, Ana B Vivas², Angeles F Estévez¹

¹Departamento de Psicología, Universidad de Almería, Spain.

Acta Psychologica

|June 2, 2014

Summary

The differential outcome procedure (DOP) improved visual recognition memory in children. This method enhanced memory for abstract objects and complex scenes, especially with longer delays.

Keywords:

5- and 7-year-old children Differential outcomes procedure Memory training Visual recognition memory

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Area of Science:

Cognitive Psychology
Developmental Psychology

Background:

Differential outcomes enhance learning and recognition in adults and children.
The differential outcome procedure (DOP) involves pairing specific stimuli with unique outcomes to improve learning.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the effectiveness of the DOP in improving visual recognition memory in 5- and 7-year-old children.
To assess the DOP's impact on memory for stimuli of varying visual complexity (familiar objects, abstract stimuli, complex scenes).

Main Methods:

Children performed a delayed visual recognition task with either short (5s) or long (15s) delays.
Participants were assigned to either a differential outcomes condition or non-differential conditions.
Experiment 2 included an articulatory suppression task to inhibit verbal rehearsal.

Main Results:

Children demonstrated enhanced visual delayed recognition when using the differential outcome procedure in both experiments.
The positive effect of DOP training was more pronounced for abstract objects and complex scenes, particularly in Experiment 2.
Stimulus complexity and delay duration influenced the efficacy of the DOP.

Conclusions:

The differential outcome procedure (DOP) is effective in improving visual recognition memory in young children.
The benefits of DOP are evident for complex and abstract stimuli, suggesting its utility in diverse learning contexts.
Further research can explore the application of DOP in educational settings to enhance memory and learning.