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Related Concept Videos

Gustation01:43

Gustation

43.5K
Gustation is a chemical sense that, along with olfaction (smell), contributes to our perception of taste. It starts with the activation of receptors by chemical compounds (tastants) dissolved in the saliva. The saliva and filiform papillae on the tongue distribute the tastants and increase their exposure to the taste receptors.
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Taste Buds and Receptors01:20

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Gustation, or the sense of taste, is intrinsically linked to the anatomical structures located on the tongue. This organ's surface, along with the entirety of the oral cavity, is adorned with stratified squamous epithelium. Evident on the tongue are elevated structures known as papillae (singular = papilla), which house the mechanisms for the transduction of gustatory stimuli. Four distinct types of papillae exist, each identified by their unique morphological attributes: the circumvallate,...
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The Tongue and Taste Buds00:49

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The surface of the tongue is covered with various small bumps called papillae, which either distribute what has been ingested (filiform papillae) or contain the sensory taste (or gustatory) receptor cells (fungiform, circumvallate, and foliate papillae). Embedded within each taste-related papilla are the taste buds—clusters of 30 to 100 gustatory receptor cells.
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The Physiology of Taste01:24

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The perception of a salty flavor is facilitated by sodium ions within the oral salivary fluid. Upon consumption of a salty substance, salt crystals disassemble, leading to the liberation of its constituents—Na+ and Cl- ions. These ions subsequently dissolve into the salivary fluid present in the oral cavity. The external environment of the gustatory cells experiences an elevation in Na+ concentration, thereby establishing a potent concentration gradient. This gradient propels the...
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Conditioned Taste Aversion01:14

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Conditioned taste aversion, also known as sauce béarnaise syndrome, is a phenomenon in which an individual develops an aversion to a certain food taste following a negative experience, typically illness. This form of aversion is a type of classical conditioning in which the taste of the food (conditioned stimulus, CS) is associated with the experience of illness (unconditioned stimulus, UCS).
A notable characteristic of conditioned taste aversion is that it often requires only a single...
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Salivary Glands and Saliva01:23

Salivary Glands and Saliva

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The salivary glands, of which there are three pairs known as the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands, play a crucial role in maintaining oral health and initiating the digestive process. Positioned near the ears, beneath the masseter muscle, the parotid glands secrete saliva into the oral cavity through the parotid duct of Stensen. Meanwhile, the submandibular glands, located on the floor of the mouth, secrete saliva through channels named submandibular ducts. The sublingual glands,...
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Related Experiment Video

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Taste Exam: A Brief and Validated Test
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Taste the strawberries.

Paul C Cooper

    American Journal of Psychoanalysis
    |June 3, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study introduces spontaneously arising intuitive models, integrating Zen Buddhist and psychoanalytic concepts. These models, explored through Zen stories and patient dreams, reveal their psychic functions and clinical implications.

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    Area of Science:

    • Psychology
    • Psychoanalysis
    • Eastern Philosophy

    Background:

    • Explores the integration of Zen Buddhist principles and psychoanalytic theory.
    • Introduces the concept of "spontaneously arising intuitive models."

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To explore the meanings and psychic functions of intuitive models in patients.
    • To examine the concept of "the gap" in relation to Wilfred Bion's "O."
    • To discuss the uses and misuses of diagnosis and its clinical implications.

    Main Methods:

    • Analysis of Zen teaching stories.
    • Examination of patient dreams.
    • Integration of theoretical frameworks from Zen Buddhism and psychoanalysis.

    Main Results:

    • Identified psychic functions of spontaneously arising intuitive models for patients.
    • Elaborated the concept of "the gap" in relation to Bion's "O."
    • Provided clinical implications regarding diagnosis.

    Conclusions:

    • Spontaneously arising intuitive models offer valuable insights into patient psychic functioning.
    • The concept of "the gap" serves as a central organizing theme.
    • Clinical practice can benefit from understanding these intuitive models and diagnostic nuances.