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Related Concept Videos

Vaccinations01:51

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Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
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Preventive healthcare services keep people healthy via frequent check-ups, screening, and counseling. They primarily aid in disease prevention rather than treating an acute or chronic illness. Preventive treatment also keeps individuals productive and energetic, allowing them to work well into their retirement years. Examples of preventive care services include:
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The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
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Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the...
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Updated: Apr 28, 2026

An Optimized Hemagglutination Inhibition HI Assay to Quantify Influenza-specific Antibody Titers
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Immunisation coverage annual report, 2011.

Brynley P Hull1, Aditi Dey1, Rob I Menzies1

  • 1National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance of Vaccine Preventable Diseases, The Children's Hospital at Westmead and University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales.

Communicable Diseases Intelligence Quarterly Report
|June 3, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Australian childhood immunisation coverage in 2011 showed high rates for routine vaccines but lower uptake for rotavirus and varicella. Disparities in vaccination coverage persisted for Indigenous children, with increasing differences in timely vaccination.

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology
  • Immunisation Science

Background:

  • The 5th annual report details 2011 immunisation trends using Australian Childhood Immunisation Register and HPV Vaccination Program Register data.
  • Key performance indicators for childhood vaccination are tracked annually to monitor national coverage.

Observation:

  • Overall 'fully vaccinated' rates at 12, 24, and 60 months were 91.4%, 92.2%, and 89.5% respectively.
  • Coverage for rotavirus (12 months) and varicella (24 months) was lower than other routine vaccines.
  • Timely vaccination rates for Indigenous children showed marginal improvement but the disparity with non-Indigenous children widened.

Findings:

  • Vaccine coverage varied by jurisdiction and vaccine type, with notable differences for Indigenous children, particularly for vaccines recommended exclusively for them (Hepatitis A, pneumococcal polysaccharide).
  • Early DTPa vaccination (before 8 weeks) exceeded 50% in three jurisdictions and 70% in two.
  • Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine coverage in the school catch-up program reached 71%, but was lower in the non-school catch-up program.

Implications:

  • Persistent coverage gaps for Indigenous children highlight the need for targeted interventions to improve vaccine equity.
  • The increasing trend in vaccine objectors warrants further investigation into parental concerns and communication strategies.
  • Monitoring vaccination trends is crucial for informing public health policy and ensuring disease prevention programs remain effective.