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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to the Human Microbiota01:22

Introduction to the Human Microbiota

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Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity,...
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Crohn's Disease01:25

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Crohn’s disease is a chronic, relapsing form of inflammatory bowel disease characterized by segmental, transmural inflammation that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract. Its pathogenesis arises from a combination of genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, epithelial barrier dysfunction, and immune dysregulation. Together, these factors lead to an exaggerated immune response against components of the gut microbiome.Genetic and Environmental InfluencesMultiple genetic...
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The oral microbiome includes a complex ecosystem comprising over 700 microbial species, identified through genomic sequencing and culture-based analyses to date. This community includes a core microbiome, found universally among individuals, and a variable component influenced by environmental factors such as diet, lifestyle, and host genetics. Site-specific conditions, including oxygen gradients, pH levels, and nutrient availability, determine the spatial distribution of these microorganisms...
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Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the colon characterized by continuous mucosal inflammation that typically begins in the rectum and extends proximally in a uniform pattern. Its pathogenesis involves a complex interplay of genetic predisposition, immune dysregulation, and environmental influences. These factors converge to impair the colon’s epithelial defenses and promote an exaggerated inflammatory response against luminal contents.Breakdown of the Mucosal...
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease I: Introduction01:26

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Inflammatory bowel disease is a group of chronic disorders marked by recurrent inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract due to an abnormal immune response against gut microflora. This leads to tissue damage. The two main forms are Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis.Crohn’s DiseaseCrohn’s disease is a relapsing inflammatory disorder that can affect any part of the GI tract, from the mouth to the anus. It involves all layers of the bowel wall (transmural) and shows...
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Functions of the Gut Microbiota01:18

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The gut microbiota includes trillions of microorganisms that colonize the human gastrointestinal tract, including bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi. This complex ecosystem plays a critical role in maintaining intestinal and systemic health. Most of these microbes inhabit the large intestine, establishing a relatively stable and diverse community that contributes to gut homeostasis through various metabolic, immunological, and protective mechanisms.Dominant bacterial phyla, such as...
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Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing
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Inflammatory disease and the human microbiome.

Amy D Proal1, Paul J Albert2, Trevor G Marshall1

  • 1Autoimmunity Research Foundation, 3423 Hill Canyon Ave., Thousand Oaks, CA 91360, USA.

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The human microbiome and its disruption are linked to inflammatory diseases. Immune-stimulating treatments may reverse pathogen-induced genomic changes, unlike immunosuppression.

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Area of Science:

  • Human microbiome research
  • Genomics and immunology
  • Inflammatory disease mechanisms

Background:

  • The human body functions as a superorganism with constant microbial and human genome interaction.
  • Alterations in microbiome composition are increasingly linked to various inflammatory conditions, both physical and neurological.
  • Disruption of microbiome homeostasis may underlie seemingly unrelated inflammatory diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of microbial dysregulation in inflammatory diseases.
  • To investigate how pathogens interfere with the host immune system and genomic processes.
  • To compare the effects of immunosuppressive versus immune-stimulating therapies on pathogen-induced genomic changes.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of host-microbiome interactions in inflammatory disease.
  • Investigation of pathogen mechanisms involving the VDR nuclear receptor.
  • Comparative study of therapeutic interventions (immunosuppression vs. immune stimulation).

Main Results:

  • Intracellular pathogens can impair the innate immune response by disrupting the VDR nuclear receptor.
  • Pathogen accumulation in tissues and blood leads to metabolic interference.
  • Inherited microbial contributions to disease dysfunction are significant.
  • Immunosuppressive therapies exacerbate pathogen spread, while immune-stimulating treatments show potential for reversing genomic dysregulation.

Conclusions:

  • Microbiome dysbiosis, driven by pathogens, plays a critical role in inflammatory diseases.
  • Targeting the immune system to stimulate rather than suppress may offer a novel therapeutic strategy for reversing pathogen-induced genomic damage.