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Related Concept Videos

Constitutive and Regulated Gene Expression01:27

Constitutive and Regulated Gene Expression

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Gene expression in prokaryotes is governed by constitutive and regulated systems, allowing cells to balance the production of essential proteins with adaptive responses to environmental changes.Constitutive Gene ExpressionConstitutive, or housekeeping, genes are continuously expressed as they encode proteins vital for fundamental cellular processes. These include enzymes for glycolysis, ribosomal components for protein synthesis, and proteins involved in DNA replication. Their constant...
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Operons02:09

Operons

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Prokaryotes can control gene expression through operons—DNA sequences consisting of regulatory elements and clustered, functionally related protein-coding genes. Operons use a single promoter sequence to initiate transcription of a gene cluster (i.e., a group of structural genes) into a single mRNA molecule. The terminator sequence ends transcription. An operator sequence, located between the promoter and structural genes, prohibits the operon’s transcriptional activity if bound by...
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Master Transcription Regulators02:23

Master Transcription Regulators

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Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
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Prokaryotic Transcriptional Activators and Repressors01:58

Prokaryotic Transcriptional Activators and Repressors

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The organization of prokaryotic genes in their genome is notably different from that of eukaryotes. Prokaryotic genes are organized, such that the genes for proteins involved in the same biochemical process or function are located together in groups. This group of genes, along with their regulatory elements, are collectively known as an operon. The functional genes in an operon are transcribed together to give a single strand of mRNA known as polycistronic mRNA.
Transcription of prokaryotic...
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Prokaryotic Transcriptional Activators and Repressors01:58

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 28, 2026

Inherent Dynamics Visualizer, an Interactive Application for Evaluating and Visualizing Outputs from a Gene Regulatory Network Inference Pipeline
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Latent phenotypes pervade gene regulatory circuits.

Joshua L Payne, Andreas Wagner1

  • 1University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. andreas.wagner@ieu.uzh.ch.

BMC Systems Biology
|June 3, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Latent phenotypes, or hidden traits, are common in gene regulatory circuits. These traits can easily evolve into new functions, driving evolutionary innovation in gene expression.

Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Systems biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Latent phenotypes are non-adaptive byproducts of adaptive traits, observed in diverse biological systems.
  • They can facilitate evolutionary adaptations and innovations.
  • Their prevalence in gene expression phenotypes of regulatory circuits is largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the prevalence and accessibility of latent phenotypes in gene expression regulatory circuits.
  • To understand the role of latent phenotypes in evolutionary innovation.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of a large dataset of over sixteen million three-gene model regulatory circuits.
  • Representation of circuits by genotypes and their functions by gene expression phenotypes.
  • Examination of latent phenotypes accessible through genetic modifications.

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Related Experiment Videos

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Main Results:

  • The majority of circuits with single functions exhibit latent expression phenotypes.
  • The collective repertoire of latent phenotypes for a given set of functions is vast and exceeds individual circuit capacity.
  • Latent phenotypes are readily accessible via minor genetic alterations that maintain core functions.
  • Robustness to genetic change in circuits and phenotypes correlates with a higher number of latent phenotypes.

Conclusions:

  • Latent phenotypes are widespread in gene regulatory circuits.
  • They represent a significant source for evolutionary adaptations and innovations in gene regulation.