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Related Concept Videos

Transcription Factors02:16

Transcription Factors

70.6K
Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
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Transcription Factors02:16

Transcription Factors

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21.4K
General Transcription Factors01:30

General Transcription Factors

5.9K
Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
5.9K
Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators02:13

Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators

6.0K
Transcriptional regulators bind to specific cis-regulatory sequences in the DNA to regulate gene transcription. These cis-regulatory sequences are very short, usually less than ten nucleotide pairs in length. The short length means that there is a high probability of the exact same sequence randomly occurring throughout the genome.  Since regulators can also bind to groups of similar sequences, this further increases the chances of random binding. Transcriptional regulators form...
6.0K
Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators02:13

Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators

1.8K
1.8K
Co-activators and Co-repressors02:04

Co-activators and Co-repressors

6.9K
Gene transcription is regulated by the synergistic action of several proteins that form a complex at a gene regulatory site. This is observed in eukaryotes, where the regulation of gene expression is a complex process. Regulatory proteins in eukaryotes can broadly be classified into two types – regulators that bind directly to specific DNA sequences and co-regulators that associate with regulatory proteins but cannot directly bind to the DNA. These co-regulators are further divided into...
6.9K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 28, 2026

High Sensitivity Measurement of Transcription Factor-DNA Binding Affinities by Competitive Titration Using Fluorescence Microscopy
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High Sensitivity Measurement of Transcription Factor-DNA Binding Affinities by Competitive Titration Using Fluorescence Microscopy

Published on: February 7, 2019

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Spurious transcription factor binding: non-functional or genetically redundant?

Mikhail Spivakov1

  • 1Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK.

Bioessays : News and Reviews in Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology
|June 4, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs) are crucial for gene control. Even seemingly non-functional TFBSs may play vital roles in gene regulation, especially under stress or mutation, impacting complex traits.

Keywords:
functional genomicsgenetic redundancyregulatory variationtranscription factorstranscriptional regulation

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Enhanced Yeast One-hybrid Screens To Identify Transcription Factor Binding To Human DNA Sequences
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Identifying Transcription Factor Olig2 Genomic Binding Sites in Acutely Purified PDGFRα+ Cells by Low-cell Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing Analysis
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Identifying Transcription Factor Olig2 Genomic Binding Sites in Acutely Purified PDGFRα+ Cells by Low-cell Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing Analysis

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 28, 2026

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Enhanced Yeast One-hybrid Screens To Identify Transcription Factor Binding To Human DNA Sequences
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Enhanced Yeast One-hybrid Screens To Identify Transcription Factor Binding To Human DNA Sequences

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Identifying Transcription Factor Olig2 Genomic Binding Sites in Acutely Purified PDGFRα+ Cells by Low-cell Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing Analysis
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Identifying Transcription Factor Olig2 Genomic Binding Sites in Acutely Purified PDGFRα+ Cells by Low-cell Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing Analysis

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Population Genetics

Background:

  • Transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs) are key regulators of gene expression.
  • Genome-wide studies reveal numerous TFBSs, leading to debate about their functional significance.
  • Some TFBSs appear evolutionarily unconstrained, questioning their biological roles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the functional spectrum of TFBSs beyond a binary 'functional' or 'non-functional' classification.
  • To explore the cumulative and redundant nature of TFBS inputs on target genes.
  • To understand the implications of TFBS redundancy for transcriptional regulation under varying conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of transcriptional biochemistry data.
  • Integration of population genetics principles.
  • Application of functional genomics approaches.

Main Results:

  • TFBSs contribute cumulatively to gene regulation, exhibiting varying potency and redundancy.
  • TFBS redundancy can be reduced by mutations and environmental stressors.
  • Apparently 'spurious' TFBSs may be essential for maintaining transcriptional regulation under specific conditions.

Conclusions:

  • TFBS function exists on a spectrum, not as a binary state.
  • Redundancy in TFBSs provides robustness to gene regulation, particularly under stress.
  • Understanding TFBSs is critical for interpreting mutations in genome-wide association studies for complex traits.