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A neutral atom consists of a positively charged nucleus surrounded by a negatively charged electron cloud. When placed in an external electric field, the external electric force pulls the electrons and nucleus apart, opposite to the intrinsic attraction between the nucleus and the electrons. The opposing forces balance each other with a slight shift between the center of masses of the nucleus and the electron cloud, resulting in a polarized atom. On the other hand, a few molecules, like water,...
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Coupled counterrotating polariton condensates in optically defined annular potentials.

Alexander Dreismann1, Peter Cristofolini1, Ryan Balili1

  • 1Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom;

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|June 4, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Researchers created stable polariton condensates, macroscopic quantum states of light and matter, in a unique circular light trap. These condensates exhibit novel petal-like structures and controlled superfluid dynamics.

Keywords:
BECSQUIDinterferometerrings

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum physics
  • Condensed matter physics
  • Optics

Background:

  • Polariton condensates are macroscopic quantum states formed by half-light, half-matter quasiparticles.
  • They bridge phenomena like Bose-Einstein condensation, superfluidity, and photon lasing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the spontaneous formation of polariton condensates in programmable potential landscapes.
  • To explore the properties and control of annular polariton condensates with unique spatial structures.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing two concentric circles of light to create programmable potential landscapes.
  • Observing and analyzing annular polariton condensate formation and stability.
  • Employing a complex Ginzburg-Landau equation for theoretical description.
  • Experimentally controlling condensate structure via excitation geometry and ultrafast perturbations.

Main Results:

  • Spontaneous formation of stable, coherent annular polariton condensates up to 100 μm.
  • Observation of petal-like intensity distributions due to counterpropagating superfluids.
  • Condensates exhibit minimal overlap with the pump laser, unlike conventional lasing systems.
  • Demonstrated precise control over condensate structure and revealed unexpected superfluid dynamics.

Conclusions:

  • Programmable optical potentials enable the creation of novel polariton condensate states.
  • The observed petal structures and dynamics offer new insights into superfluidity in confined systems.
  • This work opens avenues for controlling quantum states of light and matter.