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Related Concept Videos

Influenza01:27

Influenza

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Influenza is an acute, highly communicable viral disease that affects the respiratory tract and is responsible for seasonal epidemics worldwide. Influenza A is the most prevalent type associated with widespread outbreaks and is subtyped based on two surface glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), as in H1N1. These glycoproteins are essential for viral infectivity, transmission, and immune recognition. Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets and contaminated...
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Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

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Overview
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Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence01:28

Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence

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Infectious diseases appear in populations through various transmission patterns, influenced by pathogen characteristics, population immunity, environmental conditions, and social behavior. Understanding these patterns is essential for effective public health surveillance and intervention. These categories—sporadic, outbreak, epidemic, pandemic, and endemic—help frame the nature and scope of disease events.Sporadic diseases occur irregularly and infrequently, without a predictable...
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Pneumonia V: Nursing management and Prevention01:30

Pneumonia V: Nursing management and Prevention

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Nursing management of pneumonia involves promoting airway patency, facilitating rest and conserving energy, encouraging fluid intake, maintaining nutrition, and educating patients.
The nurse must practice strict medical asepsis and adhere to infection control guidelines to minimize healthcare-associated infections.
Enhance airway patency
Position the patient correctly to facilitate drainage of the affected lung segments. Manual or mechanical percussion and vibration can also be employed....
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Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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Pneumonia IV: Management01:28

Pneumonia IV: Management

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The treatment of pneumonia varies based on its severity and the causative pathogen. Here is a structured approach to managing pneumonia, integrating pharmaceutical and supportive care strategies.
Bacterial Pneumonia Treatment
For bacterial pneumonia, antibiotics serve as the cornerstone of therapy. Initial treatment often begins with empirical antibiotics, tailored to the anticipated causative organism and adjusted based on culture results. Key antibiotic choices include:
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Updated: Apr 28, 2026

Influenza Virus Propagation in Embryonated Chicken Eggs
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Influenza Virus Propagation in Embryonated Chicken Eggs

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Continuing challenges in influenza.

Robert G Webster1, Elena A Govorkova

  • 1Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee.

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
|June 4, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Influenza virus control needs improvement due to constant viral changes. Research into universal vaccines and new therapeutics offers hope for better management of this acute respiratory disease.

Keywords:
H1N1H5N1H7N9antigenic changesantiviral drugsinfluenza viruspandemicvaccineszoonosis

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Influenza viruses, originating from zoonotic reservoirs, cause acute respiratory disease in mammals and poultry.
  • Current influenza control strategies, including vaccines and therapeutics, require significant improvement due to viral evolution.
  • Antigenic drift and shift in viral glycoproteins necessitate frequent vaccine updates, while therapeutic options are limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the challenges in controlling influenza virus.
  • To discuss advancements in vaccinology and drug development for influenza.
  • To explore the potential for a universal influenza vaccine and novel therapeutic approaches.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on influenza virology, vaccinology, and therapeutics.
  • Analysis of recent influenza outbreaks and challenges in public health.
  • Discussion of preclinical development of immunomodulatory agents and signaling pathway inhibitors.

Main Results:

  • Advances in structural analysis reveal conserved antigenic epitopes on hemagglutinins, supporting the possibility of a universal influenza vaccine.
  • Ongoing preclinical development of novel immunomodulatory agents and signaling pathway inhibitors.
  • Persistent challenges include the emergence of pandemic and highly pathogenic avian influenza strains.

Conclusions:

  • A universal influenza vaccine targeting conserved epitopes is a promising future direction.
  • Novel therapeutics beyond neuraminidase inhibitors are urgently needed.
  • Continued research and public health efforts are crucial to combat the evolving threat of influenza viruses.