Layer-by-layer films as biomaterials: bioactivity and mechanics

Layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly offers a facile approach toward biomaterials of nanoscale thickness. Bioactivity may be realized through incorporation of biomolecular species within the film architecture, and film mechanics may be controlled through post-formation chemical cross-linking steps. This short review focuses on recent efforts toward the simultaneous control of LbL film bioactive and mechanical properties, with a particular focus on approaches yielding cellular outcomes dependent on both of these properties. Challenges and opportunities toward the independent control of film rigidity and bioactivity are highlighted.