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Related Concept Videos

Hypoglycemia01:26

Hypoglycemia

29
Hypoglycemia is a blood glucose level below 70 mg/dL. It commonly occurs in individuals using insulin or insulin-secreting drugs, but may also arise in non-diabetic conditions. People with type 1 diabetes are at the highest risk because they depend on exogenous insulin. People with type 2 diabetes are also at risk, especially when treated with insulin or medications such as sulfonylureas, which increase insulin release regardless of blood glucose levels. It develops when insulin levels exceed...
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Hypoglycemia and Glucagon01:15

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Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
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Hyperglycemia01:29

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Hyperglycemia is an abnormally high blood glucose level. It is diagnosed by fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (or OGTT) ≥200 mg/dL, random glucose ≥200 mg/dL with symptoms, or HbA1c ≥6.5%. However, HbA1c results may be unreliable in certain conditions, such as anemia or hemoglobinopathies, and the diagnosis should be confirmed unless classic symptoms are present. Postprandial hyperglycemia is typically considered significant when glucose...
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Overview of Carbohydrate Metabolism01:19

Overview of Carbohydrate Metabolism

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Carbohydrate metabolism is a fundamental biochemical process that ensures a constant supply of energy to living cells. The most important carbohydrate is glucose, which can be broken down via glycolysis to enter into the Krebs cycle and eventually lead to the production of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
Glucose transport into cells is facilitated by a family of transport proteins called GLUT (Glucose Transporters). GLUT4 is the primary glucose transporter for insulin-stimulated glucose...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications01:15

Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications

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For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 28, 2026

Author Spotlight: Investigating the Blood Glucose Homeostasis in Murine Brain Using a Cost-Effective Hyperglycemic And Hypoglycemic Clamp Technique
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Hypoglycemia from a cardiologist's perspective.

Vani P Sanon1, Saurabh Sanon, Rushit Kanakia

  • 1Division of Cardiology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas.

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Hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar, in diabetes mellitus (DM) increases cardiovascular risks. This review details its effects on the heart, highlighting risks for vulnerable patients and the need for careful management.

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Disorders

Background:

  • Hypoglycemia in diabetes mellitus (DM) is linked to increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
  • It activates the sympathoadrenal system, increasing myocardial workload and oxygen demand.
  • Hypoglycemia also triggers proinflammatory and hematologic changes, potentially causing myocardial ischemia in diabetic patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the pathophysiology of hypoglycemia concerning cardiovascular complications.
  • To review electrocardiographic (ECG) changes associated with hypoglycemia.
  • To analyze clinical literature and safety considerations of hypoglycemia in DM patients from a cardiology perspective.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing clinical literature on hypoglycemia and cardiovascular outcomes in diabetes.
  • Analysis of pathophysiological mechanisms linking hypoglycemia to cardiac events.
  • Examination of electrocardiographic alterations induced by hypoglycemia.

Main Results:

  • Hypoglycemia causes electrophysiologic alterations including P-R shortening, ST depression, T-wave flattening, and QTc prolongation.
  • Patients experiencing hypoglycemia have increased risk for silent ischemia, QTc prolongation, and arrhythmias.
  • Intensive glycemic control trials (ACCORD, ADVANCE, VADT) yielded mixed results regarding cardiovascular outcomes and mortality.

Conclusions:

  • Hypoglycemia poses significant cardiovascular risks in diabetes mellitus.
  • Certain populations (women, elderly, renal insufficiency) are more vulnerable.
  • Cardiovascular safety considerations, including medication interactions (e.g., beta-blockers), are crucial in managing diabetic patients prone to hypoglycemia.