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Related Concept Videos

Fixed Action Patterns01:06

Fixed Action Patterns

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A fixed action pattern (FAP) is a specific, hard-wired sequence of behaviors that occurs in response to an external stimulus, called a sign stimulus. The behavior is “fixed” because it is essentially unchangeable—proceeding similarly across individuals of a species every time it occurs.
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Predator-Prey Interactions02:39

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Predators consume prey for energy. Predators that acquire prey and prey that avoid predation both increase their chances of survival and reproduction (i.e., fitness). Routine predator-prey interactions elicit mutual adaptations that improve predator offenses, such as claws, teeth, and speed, as well as prey defenses, including crypsis, aposematism, and mimicry. Thus, predator-prey interactions resemble an evolutionary arms race.
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Instinctive Drift01:05

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Instinctive drift refers to the tendency of animals to revert to their innate behaviors despite repeated reinforcement. Breland and Breland demonstrated this concept in an experiment with a raccoon. The raccoon was trained to pick up two coins and place them in a container in exchange for food. Initially, the raccoon learned to associate the coins with food, making them a conditioned stimulus or a substitute for food. However, over time, the raccoon became less willing to put the coins into the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 28, 2026

Dissection and Flat-mounting of the Threespine Stickleback Branchial Skeleton
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How sticklebacks learn to avoid dangerous feeding patches.

F A Huntingford1, P J Wright

  • 1Department of Zoology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.

Behavioural Processes
|June 5, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Three-spined sticklebacks learned to avoid a food source after experiencing simulated predator attacks. Learning speed and cue usage varied, with some differences linked to the fish

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Area of Science:

  • Behavioral Ecology
  • Animal Behavior
  • Predator-Prey Dynamics

Background:

  • Predation risk significantly influences prey behavior and decision-making.
  • Understanding adaptive responses to predation is crucial in evolutionary biology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how predation risk influences learning and avoidance behavior in three-spined sticklebacks.
  • To identify variations in learning speed and cue utilization based on environmental predation levels.

Main Methods:

  • A passive avoidance test was employed using simulated overhead predator attacks.
  • Three-spined sticklebacks from high and low predation risk sites were tested.
  • Negative reinforcement was used to condition avoidance of a previously preferred feeding patch.

Main Results:

  • All sticklebacks successfully learned to avoid the feeding patch associated with predator attacks.
  • Individual learning rates and the specific cues used for discrimination varied among fish.
  • A correlation was observed between the predation risk of the fish's origin site and their learning patterns.

Conclusions:

  • Three-spined sticklebacks demonstrate adaptive learning capabilities in response to predation threats.
  • Variation in learning strategies may be influenced by ancestral predation environments.
  • Predation risk is a key factor shaping behavioral plasticity in fish populations.