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Related Concept Videos

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Positive reinforcement is a powerful method for teaching new behaviors to both animals and humans. B.F. Skinner demonstrated this with his experiments using rats in a Skinner box. When a rat pressed a lever, it received a food pellet. This immediate reward encouraged the rat to repeat the behavior. This method, where a reward follows every instance of the behavior, is known as continuous reinforcement. It is highly effective for establishing new behaviors quickly.
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Previous- and following-component contrast effects using a three-component multiple schedule.

J N Weatherly1, C L Melville1, S Swindell2

  • 1McNeese State University, Department of Psychology, McNeese State University, Lake Charles, LA 70609-1895, USA; Washington State University, Department of Psychology, Pullman, WA 99164-4820, USA.

Behavioural Processes
|June 5, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Behavioral contrast in pigeons was studied using a three-component schedule. Changes in reinforcement in one component affected behavior in others, but the model by Williams and Wixted (1986) showed limitations in explaining these contrast effects.

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Area of Science:

  • Behavioral psychology
  • Animal behavior
  • Operant conditioning

Background:

  • Behavioral contrast is an inverse relationship between behavior rates in different components of a multiple schedule of reinforcement.
  • Understanding behavioral contrast is crucial for explaining complex reinforcement schedules and their effects on behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate behavioral contrast in pigeons under a three-component multiple schedule.
  • To examine the influence of reinforcement changes in one component on other components.
  • To test the adequacy of the Williams and Wixted (1986) model in explaining observed contrast effects.

Main Methods:

  • Four pigeons were trained on a three-component multiple schedule with mixed-grain reinforcers.
  • Baseline conditions featured identical variable-interval schedules across all components.
  • Contrast conditions involved increasing or decreasing the reinforcement rate in the second component.

Main Results:

  • Behavioral contrast was consistently observed in the first and third components.
  • Across-component contrast effects were similar regardless of whether reinforcement changes occurred in preceding or succeeding components.
  • Contrast effects were strongest at the beginning of each component and diminished over time.

Conclusions:

  • The findings challenge the explanatory power of the Williams and Wixted (1986) model for behavioral contrast.
  • Existing theories of behavioral contrast may require revision to account for the observed patterns.
  • The study highlights the complexity of contrast effects within and across schedule components.