Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Feedback Inhibition

Feedback Inhibition

Biochemical reactions are occurring constantly in cells, converting starting substances to different products, usually with the help of enzymes that speed the reactions. Without enzymes, it would take far too long for most reactions to occur to be useful to the cell!

Impact of Social Context on Individuals

Impact of Social Context on Individuals

Social psychology examines how the real or imagined presence of others influences individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. A key concept in this field is the role of social context in shaping behavior. The same individual may act differently depending on the social setting, due to the varying expectations and norms associated with each environment. This context-dependent behavior illustrates the influence of social roles, which prescribe appropriate conduct in specific situations.Social...

Generalization, Discrimination, and Extinction

Generalization, Discrimination, and Extinction

Generalization, discrimination, and extinction are key concepts in operant conditioning that influence how behaviors are learned and maintained.
Generalization occurs when a behavior reinforced in one context is performed in similar situations. For instance, a student who studies diligently for calculus and receives excellent grades might apply the same study habits to psychology and history, expecting similar results. Generalization shows how learning in one setting can influence behavior in...

Differential Staining Technique

Differential Staining Technique

Differential staining is an essential microbiological technique that exploits variations in cell wall structures to classify and identify microorganisms. It facilitates the distinction of bacteria, aiding in diagnostic and research applications. Two of the most widely used differential staining methods are Gram staining and acid-fast staining, both of which rely on the chemical and structural differences in bacterial cell walls.Gram Staining TechniqueGram staining differentiates bacteria by...

Real-World Application of Classical Conditioning

Real-World Application of Classical Conditioning

Classical conditioning not only includes the initial pairing of stimuli but also extends to more complex forms, such as higher-order conditioning. Higher-order conditioning involves creating associations beyond the primary conditioned stimulus, resulting in a chain of conditioned responses.
Higher-order, or second-order, conditioning occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an already established conditioned stimulus through repeated pairings. For instance, if a dog has been...

Classical Conditioning in Daily Life

Classical Conditioning in Daily Life

Classical conditioning, a fundamental principle of associative learning, explains various phenomena observed in daily life, such as fear development, the placebo effect, taste aversion, and drug habituation. These applications demonstrate the profound impact of associative learning on human behavior and physiological responses.
John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner famously demonstrated the development of fear through classical conditioning in their experiment with Little Albert. They paired the...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Persistent neophobic behaviour in monkeys: A habit or a trait?

Behavioural processes·2014

Same author

The effect of separate reinforced and nonreinforced exposures to a context participating in a Pavlovian discrimination procedure.

Behavioural processes·2014

Same author

Factors affecting context specificity of appetitive conditioned responding.

Behavioural processes·2014

Same author

Behavioural conflict in two strains of rat: Home cage preference versus dark preference.

Behavioural processes·2014

Same author

Changing rearing environments and problem solving flexibility in rats.

Behavioural processes·2014

Same author

Competition for associative strength between a punctate signal and contextual stimuli: Effect of signal preexposure versus context preexposure.

Behavioural processes·2014

Same journal

Flexible Time-Series Analysis: A Dynamically Aware Method for Inferring Directed Dependencies in Behavioral Data.

Behavioural processes·2026

Same journal

Effects of group size and landmarks on escape behavior of three fish species.

Behavioural processes·2026

Same journal

Vocal individuality in two sympatric seabird species: The role of developmental strategy, analytical approach and sample size.

Behavioural processes·2026

Same journal

No evidence of sex-specific responses to chemosensory risk assessment cues in Harts rivulus.

Behavioural processes·2026

Same journal

Exploratory responses of rats to cage-mates and conspecifics from another cage in a habituation-dishabituation paradigm with multiple habituation stimuli.

Behavioural processes·2026

Same journal

Observation of drinking behaviour in the Ursus arctos marsicanus at a tree cavity (dendrotelm) in the central Apennines.

Behavioural processes·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 28, 2026

How to Find Effects of Stimulus Processing on Event Related Brain Potentials of Close Others when Hyperscanning Partners

How to Find Effects of Stimulus Processing on Event Related Brain Potentials of Close Others when Hyperscanning Partners

Published on: May 31, 2018

Differential inhibition using contextual stimuli.

J H Maes¹, J M Vossen

¹Department of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, University of Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, Netherlands.

Behavioural Processes

|June 5, 2014

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

External contexts can acquire inhibitory properties, but this is not always evident. Unique contextual stimuli showed weak but significant inhibition, suggesting masking effects in prior experiments.

More Related Videos

A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions

A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions

Published on: July 16, 2015

A Novel Pavlovian Fear Conditioning Paradigm to Study Freezing and Flight Behavior

A Novel Pavlovian Fear Conditioning Paradigm to Study Freezing and Flight Behavior

Published on: January 5, 2021

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 28, 2026

How to Find Effects of Stimulus Processing on Event Related Brain Potentials of Close Others when Hyperscanning Partners

How to Find Effects of Stimulus Processing on Event Related Brain Potentials of Close Others when Hyperscanning Partners

Published on: May 31, 2018

A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions

A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions

Published on: July 16, 2015

A Novel Pavlovian Fear Conditioning Paradigm to Study Freezing and Flight Behavior

A Novel Pavlovian Fear Conditioning Paradigm to Study Freezing and Flight Behavior

Published on: January 5, 2021

Area of Science:

Behavioral neuroscience
Learning and memory
Animal models

Background:

External stimuli can influence learned behaviors.
Context plays a crucial role in associative learning.
Investigating contextual inhibition is important for understanding complex learning.

Purpose of the Study:

To determine if external contextual stimuli can acquire inhibitory properties.
To examine the conditions under which contextual inhibition is expressed.
To investigate the role of unique versus shared contextual elements.

Main Methods:

Rats underwent differential context-reinforcement training with electric footshocks.
Summation and retardation tests were used to assess contextual inhibition.
Unique contextual stimuli were tested in Experiment 2.

Main Results:

Experiments 1A and 1B failed to show contextual conditioned inhibition.
Experiment 2 revealed weak but significant contextual inhibition with unique stimuli.
Inhibition may have been masked by excitation from shared contextual elements in earlier tests.

Conclusions:

Contextual stimuli unique to non-reinforced contexts can acquire inhibitory strength.
The expression of contextual inhibition can be masked by concurrent excitation.
Differential context-reinforcement procedures can lead to contextual inhibition under specific conditions.