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Behavioral imprinting is observed in some newborn animals and occurs when they develop strong and specific attachments to another animal (usually a parent) following brief, early-life exposures. Offspring imprint onto parents within a brief period after birth or hatching; this time window is called the critical period. Once imprinting occurs, the bond established between the parents and their offspring is usually long-lasting.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 28, 2026

Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm
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Familiarity interferes with filial imprinting.

H S van Kampen1, G J de Vos

  • 1Zoological Laboratory, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 14, 9750 AA Haren, Netherlands.

Behavioural Processes
|June 5, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Pre-exposure to an object can interfere with filial imprinting in young birds. Familiarity with an object may alter attention, impacting how chicks form social bonds.

Area of Science:

  • Ethology
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Animal Behavior

Background:

  • Filial imprinting is a crucial learning process in precocial birds, establishing early social bonds.
  • Understanding factors that influence imprinting is key to comprehending early social development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of object pre-exposure on subsequent filial imprinting.
  • To determine if familiarity with an object modifies imprinting behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Junglefowl chicks (Gallus gallus spadiceus) were used in two experiments.
  • Experiment 1 involved differential object pre-exposure followed by imprinting phases.
  • Filial preferences were assessed by observing chick responses to objects.

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Main Results:

  • Chicks pre-exposed to a red object showed altered preferences in subsequent imprinting phases.
  • Pre-exposure shifted preferences away from a familiar object towards novel stimuli.
  • Control chicks demonstrated normal imprinting, indicating pre-exposure's specific interference.

Conclusions:

  • Object pre-exposure can significantly interfere with and modify filial imprinting.
  • Familiarity may reduce attention to pre-exposed objects, affecting imprinting efficacy.
  • This suggests a mechanism similar to latent inhibition in classical conditioning.