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Related Concept Videos

Essential Minerals for Bone Health01:31

Essential Minerals for Bone Health

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The minerals contained in all of the food we consume are essential for our organ systems. However, certain essential minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and fluoride, largely affect bone health.
Calcium and Phosphorus
Calcium is a critical component of bones, especially in the form of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. Since the body cannot make calcium, it must be obtained from the diet. However, calcium cannot be absorbed from the small intestine without...
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Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health01:25

Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health

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The growth and maintenance of bone are regulated by a combination of nutritional factors, including vitamins, such as vitamin A, B12, C, D, and K.
Vitamin A
Vitamin A is involved in the process of bone remodeling. Retinoic acid, the active metabolite of Vitamin A, has nuclear receptors in osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are involved in bone remodeling.
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Vitamin B12 acts as a cofactor during the formation of osteoblast-related proteins, such as osteocalcin. Vitamin B12 plays a role...
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Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
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Proteins: Dietary Sources and Requirements01:28

Proteins: Dietary Sources and Requirements

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Consuming animal-based products offers high-quality proteins that contain optimal levels and combinations of essential amino acids, crucial for tissue repair and growth. Foods like eggs, milk, fish, and most meats are a source of complete proteins. Legumes and cereals are abundant in proteins; however, they typically lack a full range of essential amino acids. As a result, they are considered incomplete protein sources. Some plant sources like soybeans, quinoa, and amaranth do contain complete...
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Mineral, Vitamin and Water Absorption01:27

Mineral, Vitamin and Water Absorption

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Electrolytes are essential minerals and ions primarily obtained from the diet and absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract. Most electrolytes are absorbed in the small intestine. While the absorption of iron and calcium primarily occurs in the duodenum, calcium is also absorbed in the jejunum and ileum. In these regions, passive diffusion contributes to its absorption alongside active transport mechanisms in the duodenum. These ions can exit the enterocytes through specialized active...
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Key Elements for Plant Nutrition02:35

Key Elements for Plant Nutrition

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Like all living organisms, plants require organic and inorganic nutrients to survive, reproduce, grow and maintain homeostasis. To identify nutrients that are essential for plant functioning, researchers have leveraged a technique called hydroponics. In hydroponic culture systems, plants are grown—without soil—in water-based solutions containing nutrients. At least 17 nutrients have been identified as essential elements required by plants. Plants acquire these elements from the...
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Related Experiment Video

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Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts
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Bone nutrients for vegetarians.

Ann Reed Mangels1

  • 1From The Vegetarian Resource Group, Baltimore, MD.

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
|June 6, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Plant-based diets can support bone health with adequate calcium and vitamin D. Vegan diets are not linked to increased fracture risk if nutrient intake is sufficient, ensuring good bone mineral density.

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Area of Science:

  • Nutrition Science
  • Bone Biology
  • Dietary Studies

Background:

  • Bone health is influenced by diet, with dairy products often highlighted for calcium and vitamin D.
  • Plant-based diets offer essential nutrients for bone maintenance but may contain inhibitors of calcium absorption.
  • Concerns exist regarding vegetarian and vegan diets' impact on bone mineral density (BMD).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the impact of plant-based diets on bone health.
  • To identify key nutrients and dietary factors influencing bone mineral density in vegetarian and vegan diets.
  • To assess the clinical significance of BMD differences and fracture risk in individuals on plant-based diets.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies examining vegetarian/vegan diets and bone health markers.
  • Analysis of nutrient content in plant-based diets, including calcium, vitamin D, protein, and phytates.
  • Assessment of research on factors affecting calcium absorption and bone mineral density.

Main Results:

  • Some studies indicate lower BMD in vegan diets, but this is not clinically significant.
  • Adequate calcium intake in vegan diets mitigates fracture risk.
  • Plant-based diets contain beneficial nutrients (calcium, vitamin D, protein, potassium, soy isoflavones) but also inhibitors (oxalic/phytic acids).
  • Vitamin B-12 status is crucial for maintaining BMD.

Conclusions:

  • Plant-based diets can provide adequate nutrients for bone health when planned carefully.
  • Recommendations include meeting Dietary Reference Intakes for calcium and protein for vegetarians and vegans.
  • Fortified foods can aid in achieving recommended calcium and vitamin D intake.