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Influenza

Influenza

Influenza is an acute, highly communicable viral disease that affects the respiratory tract and is responsible for seasonal epidemics worldwide. Influenza A is the most prevalent type associated with widespread outbreaks and is subtyped based on two surface glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), as in H1N1. These glycoproteins are essential for viral infectivity, transmission, and immune recognition. Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets and contaminated...

Development of Immunocompetence

Development of Immunocompetence

The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...

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Vaccinations

Leaky Scanning

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA. Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...

Transcytosis of IgG

Transcytosis of IgG

Transcytosis is the process in which molecules are internalized by endocytosis, transported across the cell, and released through exocytosis from the opposite end of the cell. Molecules such as insulin, immunoglobulins, and certain nutrients are transferred through the recycling endosomes by recycling and transcytosis.
IgG molecules from a mother undergo transcytosis starting around 13 weeks of gestation. The amount of IgG transferred and entering the fetal blood circulation increases with...

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 28, 2026

A Luciferase-fluorescent Reporter Influenza Virus for Live Imaging and Quantification of Viral Infection

A Luciferase-fluorescent Reporter Influenza Virus for Live Imaging and Quantification of Viral Infection

Published on: August 14, 2019

Influenza, immune system, and pregnancy.

Renju S Raj¹, Elizabeth A Bonney¹, Mark Phillippe²

¹Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA.

Reproductive Sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.)

|June 6, 2014

Summary

Pregnant individuals face higher risks from influenza (flu) due to complex immune system changes. Understanding these immune responses is key to improving prevention and treatment for maternal and fetal health.

Keywords:

adaptive immunity influenza innate immunity pregnancy

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Last Updated: Apr 28, 2026

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Area of Science:

Virology
Immunology
Pregnancy Research

Background:

Influenza poses a significant global health and economic burden.
Pregnant individuals experience increased morbidity and mortality from influenza infections.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the virology and immunology of influenza, particularly in pregnancy.
To explain the heightened risks of influenza during pregnancy.
To identify areas for improved prevention and treatment.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on influenza virology and immunology.
Analysis of immune responses in pregnant individuals.
Examination of findings from animal models and human studies.

Main Results:

Pregnancy involves complex alterations in innate and adaptive immunity.
Placental cellular responses play a role in infection outcomes.
Both animal models and human data indicate increased influenza severity in pregnancy.

Conclusions:

Further research into maternal and fetal immune responses to influenza is crucial.
Understanding non-immune, pregnancy-specific factors is vital for developing better interventions.
Enhanced knowledge will lead to more effective influenza prevention and treatment options for pregnant individuals.