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Related Concept Videos

Nursing Assessment of the Genitourinary System I: Health History01:21

Nursing Assessment of the Genitourinary System I: Health History

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The genitourinary system is critical to maintaining fluid balance, waste elimination, and reproductive function. Nurses play a vital role in assessing this system, beginning with a thorough health history. This process involves gathering patient information, identifying risk factors, and recognizing symptoms of genitourinary disorders. Early detection is vital for timely interventions and management.1. Gathering Patient InformationA complete health history includes the patient’s personal,...
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Nursing Assessment of the Genitourinary System II: Inspection and Palpation01:26

Nursing Assessment of the Genitourinary System II: Inspection and Palpation

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The nursing assessment of the genitourinary (GU) system involves a systematic inspection and palpation to identify abnormalities in the kidneys, bladder, and surrounding structures.InspectionMouth: Inspect for signs of kidney dysfunction, such as stomatitis (inflammation of the mouth) and ammonia breath, which may occur in advanced kidney disease due to the buildup of urea, breaking down into ammonia.Skin: Check for pallor, which could indicate anemia caused by kidney disease. Look for...
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Urinary Tract Infection IV: Nursing Management01:17

Urinary Tract Infection IV: Nursing Management

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In managing urinary tract infections (UTIs) in nursing, a comprehensive assessment is essential. Begin by gathering subjective data, such as the patient’s complaints of dysuria (painful urination), urinary frequency, urgency, suprapubic pain, and any lower abdominal discomfort. This information can be complemented by questions regarding previous UTIs, sexual activity, and personal hygiene practices, which can provide insight into risk factors. Objective assessment should focus on signs...
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Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra01:19

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra

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The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...
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Urinary Bladder01:23

Urinary Bladder

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The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
In males, the bladder is situated in front of the rectum, while in females, it is positioned anterior to the vagina and uterus. The bladder floor contains an inverted triangular area called the trigone, defined by the two ureteric...
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The Micturition Reflex01:26

The Micturition Reflex

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Urination, or micturition involves the coordination of the bladder's detrusor muscle and two sphincters to ensure controlled bladder emptying.
The process begins with bladder filling, where the bladder wall stretches as urine accumulates. This stretching activates the urine storage reflex, mediated by the sacral spinal segments and the pontine storage center. Efferent sympathetic impulses stimulate the detrusor muscle to relax and the internal urethral sphincter to contract, facilitating...
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Updated: Apr 28, 2026

Recurrent Escherichia coli Urinary Tract Infection Triggered by Gardnerella vaginalis Bladder Exposure in Mice
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Urinary retention in women.

Saad Juma1

  • 1Incontinence Research Institute, Encinitas, California, USA.

Current Opinion in Urology
|June 6, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Urinary retention in women is complex. Recent studies show limited value of traditional tests for elevated postvoid residual urine, with factors like pain and anxiety playing a role. Further research is needed for post-surgical retention.

Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Gynecology
  • Female Pelvic Medicine

Background:

  • Urinary retention in women presents diagnostic and management challenges.
  • Understanding the etiology and risk factors is crucial for effective patient care.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent literature (last 18 months) on the cause, diagnosis, and management of urinary retention in women.
  • To highlight advancements and identify areas requiring further research.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature search of pertinent studies published within the last 18 months.
  • Synthesis of findings related to diagnostic methods, etiologies, and treatment strategies.

Main Results:

  • Traditional diagnostic tests (symptoms, uroflow, pressure-flow) have low predictive value for elevated postvoid residual urine (PVR).

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  • Pelvic floor dysfunction, pain, or anxiety may contribute to PVR, not solely bladder outlet obstruction from procedures like colporrhaphy.
  • Risks of urinary retention after mid-urethral sling (MUS) placement or bladder chemodenervation (onabotulinumtoxin-A) are generally low but require consideration.
  • Expert consensus is lacking on the optimal timing for sling takedown in cases of acute urinary retention post-MUS.

    • Conclusions:

    • Significant progress has been made in understanding the causes of urinary retention.
    • Further research is essential for addressing urinary retention and obstruction following pelvic organ prolapse repair and mid-urethral sling procedures.
    • Investigating urinary retention related to detrusor underactivity remains an important area for future study.