Related Experiment Video
Updated: Apr 28, 2026

Individualized Reconstitution of Human Milk Microbiota: A Feasible Approach in Real-World Settings
Published on: February 7, 2025
Mode of delivery changes oxidative and antioxidative properties of human milk: a prospective controlled clinical
Yavuz Şimşek1, Pinar Karabiyik, Kubra Polat
1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kırıkkale University Faculty of Medicine , Kırıkkale , Turkey .
Objective:
To evaluate the influence of delivery mode on oxidative stress in human breast milk.
Methods:
Thirty-three women who delivered by vaginal birth and 55 women who underwent cesarean section (CS) were included in this study. Colostral samples were collected on the second day after delivery. Total antioxidative status (TAS), total oxidative status (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI), malonyldialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) levels were determined and compared.
Results:
Colostrum TAS was significantly higher in women of vaginal birth, than in women with CS (p < 0.001). Milk TOS and OSI were found to be significantly increased in women with CS under general anesthesia. A marked increase in colostral GSH-Px levels after vaginal delivery was also noticed (p < 0.001).
Conclusion:
This study revealed that vaginal birth is associated with decreased oxidative stress in colostrum than CS, which suggest that mode of delivery plays an important role in the antioxidative production of breast milk.
Related Concept Videos
Radical Autoxidation
Development of Human Microbiota
Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones
o-hydroxy phenols are oxidized to o-quinones and p-hydroxy phenols to p-quinones. Such redox reactions involve the transfer of two electrons and two protons. The reversible redox...
Development of the Oral Microbiota
Bioavailability: Influencing Factors
Oxygen Requirements and Growth Patterns

