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Related Concept Videos

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

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The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
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Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells01:17

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Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
Normal cells contain receptors that prevent them from being recognized...
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Apoptosis01:30

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Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size...
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Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy01:22

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Cells respond to damage and stress through highly coordinated processes that decide whether they survive or undergo controlled self-destruction. Two major pathways involved in this regulation are apoptosis, a type of programmed cell death, and autophagy, a survival mechanism that helps cells adapt to adverse conditions.ApoptosisApoptosis removes aged or injured cells to maintain tissue balance. During this process, the cell shrinks, chromatin condenses and fragments, and membrane-bound...
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Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
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The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

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Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
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Updated: Apr 28, 2026

Identification of Intracellular Signaling Events Induced in Viable Cells by Interaction with Neighboring Cells Undergoing Apoptotic Cell Death
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Identification of Intracellular Signaling Events Induced in Viable Cells by Interaction with Neighboring Cells Undergoing Apoptotic Cell Death

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Death-defining immune responses after apoptosis.

L Campisi1, R J Cummings, J Magarian Blander

  • 1Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute and Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.

American Journal of Transplantation : Official Journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons
|June 7, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Programmed cell death, or apoptosis, normally prevents inflammation. However, its immunological outcomes vary based on infection, microenvironment, phagocytes, and host genetics.

Keywords:
Apoptosisimmunologyinfectioninnate and adaptive immunityphagocytosistolerance

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Apoptosis is a highly regulated process of programmed cell death.
  • It is characterized by internal cellular dismantling while maintaining plasma membrane integrity.
  • This integrity prevents the release of cellular contents, typically ensuring a noninflammatory outcome.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the diverse immunological consequences of apoptosis.
  • To examine how various factors influence the immune response to apoptotic cells.
  • To highlight the context-dependent nature of cell death's impact on immunity.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on apoptosis in different biological contexts.
  • Analysis of factors influencing immune responses to cell death.
  • Comparative discussion of immunological outcomes across various scenarios.

Main Results:

  • Apoptosis can elicit different immunological consequences depending on the context.
  • Factors such as microbial infection, inflammatory microenvironment, phagocytic cell type, and host genetic background modulate these outcomes.
  • The same form of cell death can lead to distinct immune responses.

Conclusions:

  • The immunological impact of apoptosis is not uniform.
  • Contextual factors critically determine whether apoptosis results in tolerance or inflammation.
  • Understanding these modulators is key to predicting and potentially controlling immune responses to cell death.