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Updated: Apr 28, 2026
A Three-Dimensional Spheroid Model to Investigate the Tumor-Stromal Interaction in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Published on: September 30, 2021
Epidemiology of metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma, a nationwide perspective
Ali Abbas1, Sabeen Medvedev, Nathan Shores
1Department of Internal Medicine, Shands Hospital, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Road, PO BOX 100277, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA, Ali.Abbas@medicine.ufl.edu.
Background:
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary tumor of the liver.
Aims:
The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence, trends, and predictors of metastatic HCC on a national scale.
Methods:
We used two nationwide datasets for our study: the University Health Consortium (UHC) and the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) databases. We included adults with a primary diagnosis of HCC from 2000 to 2011. We collected information regarding demographics, insurance, HCC risk factors, liver decompensation, and the sites and frequencies of metastases. Multivariable regression analysis was used to examine predictors of metastatic HCC. Trend analysis was performed to examine the change in metastatic HCC prevalence over time.
Results:
We included 25,671 and 26,054 HCC patients from UHC and NIS, respectively. Prevalence of metastatic HCC was 18 % with lung being the most frequent site (31 %). Compared with Caucasian, African American ethnicity was an independent predictor of metastasis in both the NIS [OR 1.13 (1.02-1.25)] and UHC [OR 1.4 (1.3-1.6)] databases. Lack of long-term insurance was associated with significantly higher prevalence of metastasis in both the NIS [OR 1.6 (1.4-1.9)] and UHC [OR 1.9 (1.6-2.2)] databases. There has been an increased prevalence of metastatic HCC over the last decade with an annual percentage change of +1.25 and +1.60 % (p = 0.03 and p = 0.08) for the NIS and UHC databases, respectively.
Conclusions:
Metastasis is not rare among HCC patients and is rising in prevalence over the last decade. Lungs were the most common metastatic site. Ethnicity and insurance status are independent predictors of metastasis.
