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Related Concept Videos

Adrenergic Receptors (Adrenoceptors): Classification01:27

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Adrenergic receptors, or adrenoceptors, respond to the autonomic neurotransmitter noradrenaline and other endogenous catecholamine agonists. They are classified into two main families, α and β, based on their pharmacological response and are further subdivided depending on their location, elicited response, and affinity to specific agonists or antagonists.
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β-adrenoceptors have varied sensitivities towards adrenaline, noradrenaline, and isoprenaline. The order of agonist potency is as follows:
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The sympathetic pathways of the collateral ganglia and adrenal medulla serve unique but interconnected roles in the sympathetic response.
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Adrenergic Neurons: Neurotransmission01:27

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Postganglionic sympathetic fibers (except those supplying the sweat glands) releasing noradrenaline or norepinephrine are called noradrenergic or adrenergic neurons. Noradrenaline, dopamine, adrenaline, or epinephrine are collectively called "catecholamines" as they contain a catechol moiety and an amine side chain. The five stages of neurotransmitter release involve their synthesis, storage, release, reuptake and metabolism.
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Drugs that mimic the action of endogenous catecholamines like noradrenaline and adrenaline are called adrenergic agonists or sympathomimetics. Based on their mechanism of action, sympathomimetics can be classified as direct-, indirect-, or mixed-acting sympathomimetics. Direct-acting adrenergic agonists activate adrenoceptors without affecting presynaptic neurons, making them independent of neuronal catecholamine-depleting agents like reserpine and guanethidine.
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Identification and Dissection of Diverse Mouse Adipose Depots
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Perivascular adipose tissue contains functional catecholamines.

N Ayala-Lopez1, M Martini1, W F Jackson1

  • 1Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1317.

Pharmacology Research & Perspectives
|June 7, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) releases catecholamines like noradrenaline, independently of sympathetic nerves. This local release from PVAT can influence blood vessel contraction, suggesting a novel mechanism for blood pressure regulation.

Keywords:
blood pressurecatecholaminesindirect sympathomimeticperivascular adipose tissue

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Physiology
  • Adipose Tissue Biology
  • Neuroendocrinology

Background:

  • The sympathetic nervous system is crucial for blood pressure control.
  • Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) surrounds blood vessels.
  • The role of PVAT in vascular function is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if PVAT contains and releases catecholamines.
  • To determine if PVAT-derived catecholamines affect vascular contractility.
  • To explore the mechanisms of PVAT-mediated vascular effects.

Main Methods:

  • High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) for catecholamine measurement.
  • Isometric contractility assays on isolated rat arteries.
  • Immunohistochemistry, whole animal studies, and pharmacological interventions.

Main Results:

  • PVAT contains significant catecholamine concentrations (noradrenaline, dopamine).
  • Tyramine induced PVAT-dependent arterial contractions, indicating catecholamine release.
  • Contractions were mediated by alpha-adrenoreceptors and sensitive to noradrenaline transporter inhibition.

Conclusions:

  • PVAT can release catecholamines, particularly noradrenaline, in a tyramine-sensitive manner.
  • These PVAT-derived catecholamines can independently modulate vascular function.
  • This suggests a local paracrine mechanism for arterial control by PVAT.